ReviewBiomedicines2025
Deep Brain Stimulation: Mechanisms, Cost-Effectiveness, and Precision Applications Across Neurology and Psychiatry.
Review in Biomedicines, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In less than 30 years, Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) has evolved from an antiparkinsonian rescue intervention into a flexible neuromodulatory therapy with the potential for personalized, adaptive, and enhancement-focused interventions. In this review we collected evidence from seven areas: (i) modern eligibility criteria, and ways to practically improve on these, outside of 'Core Assessment Program of Surgical Interventional Therapies in Parkinson's Disease' (CAPSIT-PD); (ii) cost-effectiveness, where long-horizon models now show positive incremental net monetary benefit for Parkinson's disease, and rechargeable-devices lead the way in treatment-resistant depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder; (iii) anatomical targets, from canonical subthalamic nucleus (STN) / globus pallidus internus (GPi) sites, to new dual-node and cortical targets; (iv) mechanistic theories from informational lesions, antidromic cortical drive, and state-dependent network modulation made possible by optogenetics and computational modeling; (v) psychiatric and metabolic indications, and early successes in subcallosal and nucleus-accumbens stimulation for depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), anorexia nervosa, and schizophrenia; (vi) procedure- and hardware-related safety, summarized through five reviews, showing that the risks were around 4% for infection, 4-5% for revision surgery, 3% for lead malposition or fracture, and 2% for intracranial hemorrhage; and (vii) future directions in connectomics, closed-loop sensing, and explainable machine learning pipelines, which may change patient selection, programming, and long-term stewardship. Overall, the DBS is entering a "third wave" focused on a better understanding of neural circuits, the integration of AI-based adaptive technologies, and an emphasis on cost-effectiveness, in order to extend the benefits of DBS beyond the treatment of movement disorders, while remaining sustainable for healthcare systems.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.