The Development of Novel Therapies for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia in the Era of Targeted Drugs.

Over the past decade, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) treatment has shifted from chemoimmunotherapy to targeted oral agents, predominantly Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKis) and the BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax. These therapies have significantly improved outcomes and are now established as first-line treatment options. However, CLL remains incurable, and resistance or intolerance to both drug classes (double-refractory disease) is an emerging challenge. This has driven the development of novel therapeutic strategies, including non-covalent BTKis such as pirtobrutinib and nemtabrutinib, which retain activity in BTK C481-mutated disease. Next-generation BCL-2 inhibitors (sonrotoclax, lisaftoclax) and BTK degraders are promising in early clinical trials. Immunotherapeutic approaches, such as bispecific T-cell engagers, CD20/CD3 antibodies, and CAR-T cell therapies, provide additional options for high-risk patients. Although PI3K inhibitors remain under investigation, their role is yet to be defined due to safety concerns. Minimal residual disease (MRD)-guided, fixed-duration regimens represent a significant paradigm shift toward personalised treatment and potentially deeper remissions. Ongoing clinical studies are expected to introduce new effective therapies that may further transform the management of CLL in the coming years.