Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41305671›Full record

SynthesisNutrients2025

A Systematic Review of Palmitate-Mediated Insulin Resistance in C2C12 Myotubes.

John M Zimmerman, Alexa J Klein, Kipton B Travis, Roger A Vaughan

Abstract readSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Nutrients, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

John M ZimmermanDepartment of Health and Human Performance, High Point University, High Point, NC 27268, USA.
Alexa J KleinDepartment of Health and Human Performance, High Point University, High Point, NC 27268, USA.
Kipton B TravisDepartment of Health and Human Performance, High Point University, High Point, NC 27268, USA.
Roger A VaughanDepartment of Health and Human Performance, High Point University, High Point, NC 27268, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4593-8807

Funding

Congdon School of Health Sciences Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) N/ADepartment of Health and Human Performance within the Congdon School of Health Sciences N/A
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND/

objectivesSkeletal muscle plays a pivotal role in whole-body glucose metabolism and is a major target in the pathogenesis and treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The C2C12 myotube cell line is one of the most used in vitro models to investigate mechanisms of insulin resistance. This systematic review (1) summarizes the most common experimental conditions including palmitate concentrations and treatment durations used to induce insulin resistance in C2C12 myotubes; (2) characterizes outcomes related to insulin resistance; and (3) discusses strengths and limitations associated with this model.

methodsA systematic search of PubMed and Scopus was conducted using terms "C2C12 AND palmitate AND insulin resistance" and related variations. A total of 191 articles met inclusion criteria.

resultsThe most frequently used palmitate concentrations were 0.25 mM, 0.5 mM, and 0.75 mM for at least 16 h, which consistently led to decreased insulin-stimulated pAkt expression, GLUT4 abundance, and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake.

conclusionsThe high volume and consistency of primary findings is a key strength of this article which demonstrated reduced insulin signaling across various culture conditions, treatment durations, and insulin co-stimulation protocols.

Indexed as

Insulin ResistanceMuscle Fibers, SkeletalPalmitatesAnimalsCell LineGlucoseGlucose Transporter Type 4HumansInsulinMiceMuscle, SkeletalProto-Oncogene Proteins c-aktSignal TransductionGlucoseGlucose Transporter Type 4InsulinPalmitatesProto-Oncogene Proteins c-aktC2C12 myotubesglut4insulin resistancep-Aktpalmitateskeletal muscle

Identifiers

PMID41305671
PMCPMC12655210

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.