Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41307855›Full record

ArticleForensic toxicology2026

Forensic implications of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate pharmacokinetics in Japanese adults: the influence of dose, genetic polymorphisms, and habitual alcohol consumption.

Yuko Suefusa-Shimogori, Hirokazu Wakuda, Shinichi Nureki, Megumi Kai, Daisuke Sakamoto, Nao Mori, Tatsuji Fujisawa, Masaharu Narihara, Naoto Uemura

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Article in Forensic toxicology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Yuko Suefusa-ShimogoriDepartment of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan. m21d9012@oita-u.ac.jp.ORCID 0009-0007-8964-7327
Hirokazu WakudaClinical Pharmacology Center, Oita University Hospital, Oita, Japan.
Shinichi NurekiDepartment of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan.
Megumi KaiDepartment of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan.
Daisuke SakamotoForensic Science Laboratory, Criminal Investigation Department, Oita Prefectural Police Headquarters, Oita, Japan.
Nao MoriForensic Science Laboratory, Criminal Investigation Department, Oita Prefectural Police Headquarters, Oita, Japan.
Tatsuji FujisawaTraffic Enforcement Division, Traffic Department, Oita Prefectural Police Headquarters, Oita, Japan.
Masaharu NariharaForensic Science Laboratory, Criminal Investigation Department, Oita Prefectural Police Headquarters, Oita, Japan.
Naoto UemuraDepartment of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan. uemura@oita-u.ac.jp.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeEthyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS) are direct metabolites of ethanol (EtOH) and sensitive biomarkers of alcohol consumption. However, despite extensive studies in Western populations, data on Japanese individuals are limited. This study characterized the pharmacokinetics of EtG and EtS in Japanese adults and evaluated the influence of dose, genetic polymorphisms, and habitual alcohol use.

methodsTwenty-eight healthy Japanese adults received either 1.0 or 0.2 g/kg of pure EtOH (high or low dose). Whole blood and urine samples were collected for 24 h, and EtG and EtS were quantified using validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed. The urinary excretion and recovery of EtG and EtS were estimated. Associations between genetic polymorphisms in alcohol-metabolizing and conjugation-related enzymes and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scores were also evaluated.

resultsEtG and EtS persisted longer than EtOH in both blood and urine. Both metabolites were excreted in the urine in a dose-dependent manner. Individuals carrying ALDH2*1/*2 showed a significantly higher urinary EtG formation rate than those carrying ALDH2*1/*1 (wild type). The AUDIT score showed a modest positive association with the urinary formation rate of EtS but not with EtG. The 24 h urine from high-dose participants exceeded international cutoffs, whereas that from low-dose participants was below the quantification limits.

conclusionsEtG and EtS showed sustained detectability, and their urinary excretion was dose-dependent, indicating their utility as biomarkers of recent alcohol intake. These findings support their potential forensic applications of EtG and EtS in Japan. CLINICAL

trial registrationJapan Registry of Clinical Trials (jRCT), jRCT1070240083 (registered 2024-12-10).

Indexed as

Alcohol DrinkingEthanolGlucuronatesSulfuric Acid EstersAdultAldehyde Dehydrogenase, MitochondrialBiomarkersChromatography, LiquidDose-Response Relationship, DrugEast Asian PeopleFemaleGlucuronosyltransferaseHumansJapanMaleMiddle AgedAldehyde Dehydrogenase, MitochondrialALDH2 protein, humanBiomarkersdiethyl sulfateEthanolethyl glucuronideGlucuronatesGlucuronosyltransferaseSulfuric Acid EstersEthanol metabolismEthyl glucuronideEthyl sulfateForensic toxicologyGenetic polymorphismsPharmacokinetics

Identifiers

PMID41307855

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.