ArticleThe Journal of frailty & aging2025
Life-course socio-economic factors associated with frailty in later life.
Article in The Journal of frailty & aging, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
purposeFrailty increases with age and is associated with negative health outcomes as falls, hospitalization, and mortality. Socio-economic situation (SES) in childhood and adulthood are associated with frailty. It is unclear how the interaction of childhood hardship and adulthood SES effects frailty.
methodsA register-based study using data from national registers and from the Lolland-Falster Health Study, involving individuals aged 50 and above. Frailty status was assessed using a modified version of Fried's phenotype. Logistic regression models with multiple adjustments were used to analyze the odds of frailty. Causal interactions between economic hardship in adulthood, perception of childhood, self-reported stressful events in childhood, and self-reported educational level were assessed by estimating the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI).
resultsThe study included 10,163 individuals. The percentage of individuals fulfilling 2-5 frailty criteria varied between 17 % in the 50-65 age group and 44.9 % in the 85+ age group. Women had a higher proportion of fulfilling 2-5 frailty criteria (21.5 %) compared to men (17.2 %). Socio-economic factors associated with frailty status included perception of childhood, stressful childhood events, educational attainment, and economic hardship in adulthood. A significant causal additive effect on the percentage of individuals fulfilling 2-5 frailty criteria was demonstrated for two composite outcomes: perception of childhood + educational attainment and stressful events in childhood + economic hardship in adulthood.
conclusionThe study showed that joint exposure to adverse socio-economic factors in childhood and adulthood, potentiated the odds of frailty in older adults. Our findings corroborate the theory of cumulative dis/advantage.
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