ArticleBMJ global health2025
Effectiveness of the National Immunisation Programme and the catch-up vaccination on the incidence of hepatitis B in China: an interrupted time series analysis from 2005 to 2019.
Article in BMJ global health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Incidence and risk factors for hepatitis B virus reactivation in kidney transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC nephrology · 2026Pooled it
- [Progress in clinical research related to viral hepatitis in 2025].Zhonghua gan zang bing za zhi = Zhonghua ganzangbing zazhi = Chinese journal of hepatology · 2026Article
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PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionIn 2002, hepatitis B vaccines were incorporated into China's National Immunisation Programme (NIP). In 2009, the catch-up vaccination was introduced for children born between 1994 and 2001. Sustained impacts of the NIP, particularly the catch-up vaccination, remain unclear. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the NIP and catch-up vaccination on the incidence of hepatitis B in China.
methodsWe collected monthly reported hepatitis B cases in 31 provincial-level administrative districts (PLAD) in China from 2005 to 2019. Using two-stage generalised additive models with the interrupted time series design, we first estimated the effectiveness of the NIP and catch-up vaccination on hepatitis B incidence in each of the nine age groups within the study population, aged 5-29 years in each PLAD. Then, we used random-effects models to pool the effectiveness estimates for the same age group across PLADs and calculated the age-standardised population-weighted national effectiveness.
resultsReported hepatitis B cases amounted to 4 452 376 in China among the study population. Compared with the pre-NIP period, the NIP contributed to an average decrease of 54.82% (95% CI 36.39% to 67.33%) in the incidence among individuals aged 5-19 years. Among individuals aged 9-29 years, the incidence associated with the catch-up vaccination decreased by 54.50% (95% CI 48.49% to 59.60%) on average. The NIP and catch-up vaccination could prevent an average of 24.66 (95% empirical CI (eCI) 13.74 to 25.01) and 25.69 (95% eCI 23.91 to 26.99) cases per 100 000 individuals annually, respectively. Interventions were notably more effective in northwest China and in PLADs with lower HBsAg prevalence, low hospitalisation bed density, low urbanisation rates or low illiteracy rates, reducing disparities in the burden of hepatitis B.
conclusionsThe NIP and the catch-up vaccination initiative significantly reduced hepatitis B incidence across China. These findings have important implications for optimising existing national or international hepatitis B-related vaccination strategies.
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