ArticleJournal of diabetes investigation2026
Causal association between circulating leukocyte characteristics and diabetic retinopathy based on two-sample Mendelian randomization.
Article in Journal of diabetes investigation, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
AIMS/
introductionLeukocytes are implicated in the inflammatory cascades of diabetic retinopathy (DR), but their causal roles remain ambiguous. This study employed a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to dissect the causal effects of circulating leukocyte counts on DR risk. MATERIALS AND
methodsWe utilized summary statistics from large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for five leukocyte subtypes and DR in European-ancestry populations. The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method was primary, supported by comprehensive sensitivity analyses including MR-Egger, weighted median, and the MR-Pleiotropy Residual Sum and Outlier (MR-PRESSO) test to ensure result robustness.
resultsA total of 2,136 leukocyte-related SNPs were extracted as instrumental variables for causal inference. MR analysis revealed that increased lymphocyte counts are associated with reduced DR risk (IVW OR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.86-0.99, P = 0.03), while the initial association between higher eosinophil counts and DR risk (IVW OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.03-1.19, P < 0.01) was attenuated following correction for outliers. No significant associations were observed for basophil, monocyte, or neutrophil counts. Sensitivity analyses found no evidence of pleiotropy or substantial influence from single SNPs.
conclusionsOur findings provide genetic evidence supporting a potential causal association between lymphocyte counts and diabetic retinopathy risk, while the association for eosinophil counts was attenuated after correction for outliers. These results highlight the importance of further investigating the physiological role of lymphocytes in diabetic retinopathy to inform effective prevention and treatment strategies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.