Evidence mapPaperPMID 41311296Full record

ArticleChemMedChem2026

Optimization of 4-Amino-2-Pyridone Inhibitors of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9: Integrating Structure-Activity and Structure-Metabolism Relationships.

Lisa Giannessi, Maria Giovanna Lupo, Martina Ugolotti, Bianca Papotti, Beatrice Mattina, Maria Grazia Martina, Anna Demurtas, Cristina Padula, Sara Nicoli, Marco Crescenzio and 3 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in ChemMedChem, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Lisa GiannessiDipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco (DipALIFAR), Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
Maria Giovanna LupoDepartment of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128, Padova, Italy.
Martina UgolottiDipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco (DipALIFAR), Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
Bianca PapottiDipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco (DipALIFAR), Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
Beatrice MattinaDipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco (DipALIFAR), Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
Maria Grazia MartinaDipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco (DipALIFAR), Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
Anna DemurtasDipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco (DipALIFAR), Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
Cristina PadulaDipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco (DipALIFAR), Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
Sara NicoliDipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco (DipALIFAR), Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
Marco CrescenzioDepartment of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128, Padova, Italy.
Nicola FerriDepartment of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128, Padova, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8898-7441
Francesca ZimettiDipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco (DipALIFAR), Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6665-263X
Marco RadiDipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco (DipALIFAR), Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0874-6697

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a key drug target for the treatment of different hypercholesterolemia-related diseases. A new class of small-molecule inhibitors of PCSK9 transcription, characterized by a 4-amino-2-pyridone scaffold, has been recently identified by our research group. Among them, the early lead compound 5c shows high in vitro potency and favorable in vivo tolerability. However, given the suboptimal in vitro metabolic stability of 5c, its optimization is reported herein by modification of the predicted metabolic soft spots through chemistry-driven late-stage functionalization (LSF) strategies. Microsomal stability on the newly synthesized derivatives allows drawing structure-metabolism relationships (SMRs) that, coupled with a thorough pharmacological investigation on HepG2 cells, leads to the identification of novel C3- and dual C3/NHC4-functionalized pyridones with improved stability and superior pharmacological profiles. Notably, compounds 6b, 7, and 18a emerge as the best candidates, demonstrating markedly improved metabolic stability/PCSK9 IC

Indexed as

PCSK9 InhibitorsProprotein Convertase 9PyridonesCell SurvivalDose-Response Relationship, DrugHep G2 CellsHumansMolecular StructureStructure-Activity RelationshipPCSK9 InhibitorsPCSK9 protein, humanProprotein Convertase 9Pyridonesgreen chemistryPCSK9proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9pyridonessmall moleculesstructure–metabolism relationship

Identifiers

PMID41311296
PMCPMC12812009

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.