ReviewInternational journal of oncology2026
The tumor microenvironment in lung cancer: Heterogeneity, therapeutic resistance and emerging treatment strategies (Review).
Review in International journal of oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Cell-type specificity of Tim-3 in respiratory diseases: from mechanisms to clinical translation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- PDLIM2 acts as a central regulator of ubiquitination, immune signaling, and mitochondrial metabolism in lung cancer suppression (Review).International journal of oncology · 2026Review
- Immune network remodeling driven by ferroptosis: Bidirectional interaction mechanisms among multiple immune cells in the lung cancer immune microenvironment (Review).Oncology reports · 2026Review
- High-fidelity super-resolution CT radiomics for non-invasive EGFR mutation prediction in lung adenocarcinoma: a multi-center pooled analysis.La Radiologia medica · 2026Article
- Macrophages in lung cancer: principal factors, regulatory mechanisms, and therapeutic opportunities: a narrative review.Translational lung cancer research · 2026Review
- Tumorigenesis and Tumor Microenvironment in Lung Cancer.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Advances in Metabolic Reprogramming and Immune Regulatory Mechanisms in Lung Cancer.Oncology research · 2026Review
- Immune-excluded and immune-suppressive tumor microenvironments: mechanisms, spatial biomarkers, and therapeutic rewiring.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Systemic toxicity and immunotoxicity studies of glucose oxidase-loaded extracellular vesicles derived from lung cancer cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- The impact of obesity-related systemic inflammation on the efficacy, toxicity, and biomarkers of immune checkpoint inhibitors in lung cancer: from mechanisms to clinical management.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Multi-site screening forFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Lung cancer remains a leading cause of cancer‑related death. Despite advances in targeted therapies and immunotherapy, treatment outcomes remain suboptimal due to tumor heterogeneity and therapeutic resistance. The tumor microenvironment (TME), a dynamic ecosystem comprising immune cells, stromal components, extracellular matrix and bioactive molecules, serves a critical role in promoting tumor progression and resistance. The present review comprehensively analyzes the molecular mechanisms underlying TME‑mediated immune evasion, and resistance to chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy. In addition, emerging therapeutic strategies targeting the TME are highlighted, such as immune microenvironment modulation, metabolic and epigenetic interventions, and nanotechnology‑based drug delivery systems. By integrating multi‑omics datasets and spatial transcriptomics, TME‑directed interventions are moving toward biomarker‑guided, personalized regimens.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.