Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41313720›Full record

ArticleMolecular biology and evolution2026

Social Stratification Without Genetic Differentiation at the Xisima Site in the Late Shang Dynasty.

Jiaxin Tang, Rui Wang, Qingli Wei, Haifeng He, Chen Deng, Le Tao, Xiaolu Mao, Hao Ma, Xinyi Wang, Xinyue Zou and 5 more

Abstract readHistorical Article
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Molecular biology and evolution, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Jiaxin TangFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Philosophy and Social Sciences in Bioanthropology, Institute of Anthropology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.ORCID 0009-0002-3778-135X
Rui WangMinistry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Center for Evolutionary Biology, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.ORCID 0000-0001-8150-9228
Qingli WeiInstitute of Cultural Heritage and Archaeology of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China.ORCID 0009-0007-6343-2512
Haifeng HeInstitute of Forensic Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.ORCID 0009-0007-7076-1082
Chen DengDepartment of Archaeology, Cultural Heritage and Museology, School of Arts and Archaeology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.ORCID 0009-0003-0881-0972
Le TaoInstitute of Forensic Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.ORCID 0009-0007-1032-5457
Xiaolu MaoFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Philosophy and Social Sciences in Bioanthropology, Institute of Anthropology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.ORCID 0009-0008-6979-0203
Hao MaInstitute of Forensic Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.ORCID 0000-0001-7874-0752
Xinyi WangFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Philosophy and Social Sciences in Bioanthropology, Institute of Anthropology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.ORCID 0009-0008-2652-8483
Xinyue ZouFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Philosophy and Social Sciences in Bioanthropology, Institute of Anthropology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.ORCID 0009-0006-9954-6960
Xiaomin YangFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Philosophy and Social Sciences in Bioanthropology, Institute of Anthropology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.ORCID 0000-0003-1424-9176
Qiaoyan ZhangInstitute of Cultural Heritage and Archaeology of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China.ORCID 0009-0004-3133-6305
Qian WuInstitute of Cultural Heritage and Archaeology of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China.ORCID 0009-0004-7344-235X
Yi GuoDepartment of Archaeology, Cultural Heritage and Museology, School of Arts and Archaeology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.ORCID 0000-0002-7958-0022
Chuan-Chao WangMinistry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Center for Evolutionary Biology, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.ORCID 0000-0003-4630-5232

Funding

Major Project of the National Social Science Foundation of China 21&ZD285National Key Research and Development Program 2023YFC3303701-02National Key Research and Development Program 2024YFC3306701National Natural Science Foundation of China T2425014, 32270667Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China 2023J06013Open Research Fund of Forensic Genetics Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Public Security 2023FGKFKT07
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Ancient DNA and archaeological studies indicate the Central Plain's pivotal role in the cultural and genetic evolution of ancient China. However, limited genome-wide data have constrained our understanding of this region's population history during the Bronze Age Shang Dynasty (around 1600 to 1046 BCE). Here, we present genome-wide data from 11 individuals from the Xisima Cemetery in Central Plain, a site exhibiting clear burial evidence of social stratification dating to the Late Shang Dynasty (around 1300 to 1046 BCE). Genetic analyses reveal that all Xisima individuals can be modeled as direct, unadmixed descendants of Late Neolithic Central Plain-related people. We found no systematic genetic differentiation between individuals buried in high-grade (south-to-north) and low-grade (east-to-west) tombs, indicating genetic homogeneity across social strata. These results demonstrate that social stratification at Xisima occurred without corresponding genetic distinction, supporting the decoupling of social hierarchy from significant genetic differentiation in this Shang community.

Indexed as

Hierarchy, SocialArchaeologyChinaDNA, AncientGenetics, PopulationGenetic VariationHistory, AncientHumansDNA, Ancientancient genomicsgenetic formationpopulation history

Identifiers

PMID41313720
PMCPMC12770819

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.