Trial reportDiabetologia2026
Ketone supplementation dose-dependently lowers postprandial blood glucose, lipid and ghrelin levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a randomised crossover study.
Trial report in Diabetologia, 2026. The graph read 1 number from its abstract, feeding 1 cell of the map: it supports the treatment in 1. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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RESULTS: We found that the iAUC for glucose decreased by 36% (95% CI 14, 57) with KE and 22% (95% CI 1, 44) with KS compared with placebo.
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Metformin×glycemic control
SupportsOpen on the map →What to test next →40 readable studies in this cell: 41 favour the treatment, 12 find no difference, 8 favour the comparator.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
3-hydroxybutyrate as a Meal Primer in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Pre-meals of 3-hydroxybutyrate for People With Type 2 Diabetes
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0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The marked sentences are the ones the graph read a number from.
aims/hypothesisPostprandial hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia are independent risk factors for CVD in individuals with type 2 diabetes. We aimed to test whether a ketone monoester (KE) and ketone salts (KS) reduce postprandial glucose and lipid excursions in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
methodsIn two randomised, participant-blind crossover studies we investigated individuals with type 2 diabetes treated with either metformin monotherapy or a lifestyle intervention alone. In study 1, 14 participants received 30 g of KE, KS or placebo 30 min before a mixed meal test on three separate occasions. The primary outcome was the incremental AUC (iAUC) for glucose. In study 2, ten participants were investigated on six separate occasions, consuming various doses (0 g, 10 g, 20 g and 40 g) of KE 30 min, 60 min or immediately before an OGTT. Both studies were conducted at Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark, with the primary investigator randomly assigning the intervention order.
resultsWe found that the iAUC for glucose decreased by 36% (95% CI 14, 57) with KE and 22% (95% CI 1, 44) with KS compared with placebo. Both ketone supplements lowered postprandial NEFA and ghrelin concentrations, and KE reduced triglycerides (n=14). Furthermore, KE dose-dependently lowered the iAUC of glucose, with the strongest effect when ingested 30 min or 60 min before the OGTT (n=10). No serious adverse events occurred; however, transient mild gastrointestinal symptoms, including nausea and diarrhoea, were reported. CONCLUSIONS/
interpretationPre-meal ketone supplementation reduced postprandial glucose, lipid and ghrelin concentrations. These findings support the therapeutic potential of KE supplementation in the management of type 2 diabetes.
trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT05263401 and NCT05581043
fundingNovo Nordisk Foundation (NNF19OC0058872 and NNF22OC0081911), the Health Research Foundation of Central Denmark Region and the Aase Einar Danielsen Foundation (Jr. No. 23-10-0145).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.