Using metagenomics and whole-genome sequencing to characterize enteric pathogens across various sources in Africa.

Foodborne diseases (FBDs) remain a major public health concern in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), with the African region carrying the heaviest burden globally. Surveillance efforts in these settings often overlook rural and resource-limited communities, limiting our understanding of pathogens transmission dynamics in these settings. In this study, we use whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and metagenomic approaches to characterize enteric pathogens from human, animal, and environmental sources across four African LMICs between 2019 and 2023. We analyze 446 bacterial isolates of Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter, of which 380 high-quality genomes were subjected to phylogenetic and genotypic analyses. Additionally, 139 of 168 metagenomic samples pass quality control and were assessed for pathogen abundance and diversity. Our results reveal a geographically stable distribution of foodborne pathogens over time, suggesting persistent ecological or infrastructural factors influencing their maintenance. Genomic comparisons also identify closely related isolates across distinct sources and regions, pointing to potential transmission routes. These findings highlight the value of incorporating targeted environmental and food-chain sampling into surveillance strategies and demonstrate that metagenomic sequencing can serve as a practical and informative addition to WGS-based surveillance in resource-limited settings.