Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41315438›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiometabolic health are associated with distinct cognitive domains in cognitively healthy older adults.

Patrycja Kałamała, Nicholas Ware, Monica Fabiani, Patricia Michie, Montana Hunter, Alexandra Wade, Felicity Simpson, Maddison L Mellow, Kathy Low, Hannah A D Keage and 3 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Patrycja Kałamała *Centre for Cognitive Science, Jagiellonian University, Gołębia 24, Kraków, 31-007, Poland. patrycja.kalamala@uj.edu.pl.
Nicholas Ware *Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Psychological Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and the Environment, University of Newcastle, University Dr, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia.
Monica FabianiBeckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, USA.
Patricia MichieFunctional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Psychological Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and the Environment, University of Newcastle, University Dr, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia.
Montana HunterSchool of Psychology and Vision Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
Alexandra WadeAlliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
Felicity SimpsonFunctional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Psychological Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and the Environment, University of Newcastle, University Dr, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia.
Maddison L MellowAlliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
Kathy LowBeckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, USA.
Hannah A D KeageBehaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre, Justice and Society, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
Gabriele GrattonBeckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, USA.
Ashleigh E SmithAlliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
Frini KarayanidisFunctional Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Psychological Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and the Environment, University of Newcastle, University Dr, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia. frini.karayanidis@newcastle.edu.au.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Cardiometabolic risk and low cardiorespiratory fitness have been linked to age-related cognitive decline, but their relative contributions to different cognitive domains remain unclear. This study examined cross-sectional associations between cardiometabolic health, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cognition in cognitively healthy older adults (60-70 years). Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to estimate latent variables for cardiorespiratory fitness (derived from physical activity, resting heart rate and BMI), cardiometabolic health (derived from blood pressure, glucose, lipids and BMI), and four cognitive domains: processing speed, executive function, verbal memory, and crystallized ability. Better cardiorespiratory fitness was significantly associated with higher executive function and processing speed, but not with verbal memory or crystallized ability. In contrast, better cardiometabolic health was significantly associated with higher crystallized ability and verbal memory, but not with executive function or processing speed. These modest but reliable relationships remained significant when both health factors were included in the same model, suggesting a double dissociation between their cognitive correlates. This study provides the first evidence that cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiometabolic health are related to distinct aspects of cognition in later life, highlighting potential targets for lifestyle-based interventions to support cognitive health in older age.

Indexed as

Cardiorespiratory FitnessCognitionAgedCross-Sectional StudiesExecutive FunctionExerciseFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedAgingCardiometabolic healthCardiorespiratory fitnessCognitionCrystallized abilityExecutive functions

Identifiers

PMID41315438
PMCPMC12669785

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.