Evidence mapPaperPMID 41315874Full record

ReviewNature reviews. Neuroscience2026

Immune dysfunction in Alzheimer disease.

Oleg Butovsky, Neta Rosenzweig, Kilian L Kleemann, Mehdi Jorfi, Vijay K Kuchroo, Rudolph E Tanzi, Howard L Weiner

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Nature reviews. Neuroscience, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
13citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

13 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. Inflammation profiles in Alzheimer's disease relate to cognition and neurodegeneration.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026
    Article
  4. Lecanemab treatment improves B cell subpopulation immune homeostasis in patients with Alzheimer's disease.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026
    Article
  5. Review
  6. Review
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Review
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Review
  13. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Oleg ButovskyAnn Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. obutovsky@bwh.harvard.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-8867
Neta RosenzweigAnn Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Kilian L KleemannAnn Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2753-6804
Mehdi JorfiGenetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4724-6190
Vijay K KuchrooAnn Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Rudolph E TanziGenetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
Howard L WeinerAnn Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

Funding

Gender-dependent APOE4 regulation of neutrophil-microglia crosstalk in Alzheimer's diseaseR01AG075509 · NIA · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · 2022 to 2025
$2.9M
Role of a novel risk loci HAVCR2 of late-onset Alzheimer's disease in the regulation of microglial response in neurodegenerationR01AG080992 · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · 2025 to 2025
$813k
Mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effect of nasal administration of anti-CD3 in AD mouse modelsR01AG084596 · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · 2025 to 2025
$790k
Studying the pathogenic roles of human CD8+ T cells in Alzheimer's disease using a 3D human Peripheral immune Chip.R01AG082328 · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · 2025 to 2025
$673k
Targeting TGFb/IFNy-IRF8 Signaling to Modulate Monocytes and their Crosstalk with Microglia and Astrocytes to Treat Multiple SclerosisR01NS088137 · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · 2025 to 2025
$644k
NIA NIH HHS R01 AG051812NIA NIH HHS R01 AG054672NIA NIH HHS R01 AG065270NIA NIH HHS R01 AG075509NIA NIH HHS R01 AG080992NIA NIH HHS R01 AG082328NIA NIH HHS R01 AG084596NIA NIH HHS R21 AG076982NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS088137
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Emerging evidence highlights the crucial role of peripheral immune cells in maintaining brain homeostasis and their influence on the pathology of Alzheimer disease (AD). Genome-wide association studies have identified numerous AD risk variants in genes expressed by immune cells, implicating innate and adaptive immune pathways in disease progression. Advances in neuroimmunology have revealed that immune cell crosstalk involving T cells, B cells, monocytes and/or macrophages and neutrophils can modulate the hallmark features of AD, including amyloid plaque accumulation, tau pathology and chronic neuroinflammation. Mechanistic insights suggest that chronic peripheral inflammation, immune exhaustion, metabolic dysfunction and epigenetic reprogramming exacerbate neurodegeneration in AD by promoting toxic inflammation and impairing protein clearance in the brain. These findings may catalyse the development of novel immunomodulatory strategies, such as immune checkpoint inhibition and cytokine targeting, among others, for AD. This Review examines peripheral immune alterations in AD, evaluates related therapeutic opportunities and highlights key knowledge gaps, particularly the need for human-derived data to advance translational progress. Future research should prioritize personalized approaches that integrate genetic risk, immune profiling and ageing to inform next-generation therapies for AD.

Indexed as

Alzheimer DiseaseBrainAnimalsHumansInflammation

Identifiers

PMID41315874
PMCPMC13010386

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.