ArticleJournal of applied toxicology : JAT2026
Evaluating the Endocrine-Disrupting and Oxidative Stress Potential of a 50-Component Human-Relevant Complex Chemical Mixture Using In Vitro Tests.
Article in Journal of applied toxicology : JAT, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Alternative Developmental Toxicity Screening Methods Using Chick Embryo-Based Models.Journal of applied toxicology : JAT · 2026Review
- Evaluating the Endocrine-Disrupting and Oxidative Stress Potential of a 50-Component Human-Relevant Complex Chemical Mixture Using In Vitro Tests.Journal of applied toxicology : JAT · 2026Article
- Methodological Challenges in the Application of QSAR Models for Chemical Prioritization and Toxicity Assessment: A Case Study on Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activity in Environmental Pollutant Mixtures.ACS environmental Au · 2026Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Humans are chronically exposed to mixtures of environmental contaminants. Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) contributes to increased health impairment observed globally. This study aimed to evaluate the endocrine-disruptive and oxidative stress potential of a human-relevant, complex chemical mixture in vitro. By testing chemical class subgroup mixtures, the identity of toxicological drivers and mixture additivity could be investigated. A 50-component mixture was compiled based on Swedish human blood concentrations (xHBC), consisting of six subgroup mixtures: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PCB mixture), brominated flame retardants (BFR mixture), per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS mixture), pesticide mixture, synthetic phenolic contaminants (phenol mixture), and phthalate mixture. These were tested in four chemically activated luciferase gene expression (CALUX) assays: dioxin responsive (DR-), estrogen receptor α (ERα-), androgen receptor. (AR-), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-CALUX, along with an adipocyte cell assay. The total mixture caused significant agonistic activity in DR- and ER-, and antagonistic activity in AR-CALUX at 0.1-15 xHBC, depending on the assay. Mixture additivity was assessed in ERα-, DR-, and anti-AR-CALUX using subgroup mixtures and the concentration addition (CA) model. The total mixture followed the CA model in ERα-, anti-AR- and DR-CALUX. The toxicological drivers of these activities were mainly the PCB and phenol mixture. A significant increase in differentiated adipocytes was observed at 100 xHBC. These results raise concerns regarding potential health effects on the endocrine system. The additive effects at human-relevant concentrations observed in this study motivate considering mixtures in regulatory contexts to protect the well-being of future generations.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.