Moringa oleifera Lam. As a Herbal Antioxidant-Enriched Semen Extender in Cryopreservation: A Critical Review of Its Protective Potential.

Cryopreservation remains an essential technique for preserving fertility in reproductive medicine, yet its success is often limited by oxidative stress, membrane damage and DNA fragmentation, which compromise sperm quality. Advanced semen extender formulations-designed to balance oxidants and antioxidants, reduce lipid peroxidation and stabilize mitochondrial function-are critical for enhancing post-thaw sperm viability, motility and membrane integrity, ultimately refining cryopreservation methodologies within reproductive science. Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO) has emerged as a promising natural cryoprotectant, that is, rich in polyphenols (such as quercetin and ellagic acid), vitamins (notably C and E) and essential minerals (including zinc and selenium) and has multiple protective mechanisms, including acting as an antioxidant, preserving membrane and DNA integrity, and modulating apoptotic pathways. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the dose-dependent efficacy of MO, in preserving sperm membrane fluidity and integrity, whereas mechanistic investigations have revealed its capacity to modulate apoptotic pathways and suppress oxidative stress. However, a notable limitation in the current literature is the lack of standardized Moringa preparation methods and the wide variability in dosages, which complicates direct comparisons between studies. In vitro studies consistently report favourable outcomes, supporting the therapeutic potential of MO as a novel adjuvant in advanced sperm extender formulations. However, further research, particularly large-animal trials on in vivo fertility rates, is warranted to fully explore its clinical applications. In light of the increasing interest in plant-derived cryoprotectants, this document critically reviews scientific data regarding the protective role of MO in semen cryopreservation in vitro and in vivo.