Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41317170›Full record

ReviewJournal of diabetes science and technology2025

Artificial Intelligence for Diabetes Complication Prediction: A Systematic Review of Current Applications and Future Directions.

Francesca Pescol, Pietro Bosoni, Stefania Ghilotti, Pasquale De Cata, Lucia Sacchi, Riccardo Bellazzi

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Journal of diabetes science and technology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Francesca PescolDepartment of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.ORCID 0009-0003-2384-1945
Pietro BosoniDepartment of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-1431-6044
Stefania GhilottiDepartment of General Medicine, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Pavia, Italy.
Pasquale De CataDepartment of General Medicine, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Pavia, Italy.
Lucia SacchiDepartment of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-1390-9825
Riccardo BellazziDepartment of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-6974-9808

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Importance and aims:Diabetes can lead to microvascular and macrovascular complications. Modeling the complex relationships between risk factors has motivated the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to develop predictive models. Recent advancements, including foundation models and generative AI, have significantly changed how this technology is applied across various contexts. In this review, we summarize the current state of research on AI for predictive diabetes complications, investigating the present and future implications of these innovations.

methodsWe conducted the literature search on PubMed, Scopus, Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL, and IEEE databases. Our analysis focused on predicted complications, population characteristics, use of AI-based approaches, models' performance, predictor variables, and feature importance evaluation results.

resultsThe 49 studies selected in our analysis considered different conditions as prediction outcomes. Eye-related complications were included in 29 studies (59%), emerging as the most frequent predicted diseases. Among the 48 studies employing AI algorithms specifically for the prediction task, 26 (54%) developed only Machine Learning models, 4 (8%) only Deep Learning models, and 18 (38%) applied both approaches. Foundation models and recent AI innovations included in the query were not used by any study. Moreover, only five studies (10%) dealt with unstructured data (signals and images). In the feature importance evaluation, age and glycated hemoglobin consistently emerged as important predictors.

conclusionsDespite the extensive existing literature on AI for predicting diabetes complications, several emerging challenges persist. These include the effective utilization of unstructured data and the integration of recent advancements introduced by foundation models and generative AI.

Indexed as

artificial intelligencediabetes complicationsfoundation modelsrisk prediction

Identifiers

PMID41317170
PMCPMC12664787

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.