Evidence mapPaperPMID 41317333Full record

ReviewEndocrinology, diabetes & metabolism2026

Type 1 Diabetes and Other Autoimmune Diseases-Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Screening.

George J Kahaly, Thomas Forst, Monika Kellerer, Stefanie Lanzinger, René D Rötzer, Matthias Schott, Petra-Maria Schumm-Draeger

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

George J KahalyDepartment of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0441-430X
Thomas ForstClinical Research Services Mannheim GmbH, Mannheim, Germany.
Monika KellererCentre for Internal Medicine 1, Marienhospital, Stuttgart, Germany.
Stefanie LanzingerInstitute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
René D RötzerSciarc GmbH, Baierbrunn, Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6667-5188
Matthias SchottDivision for Specific Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Petra-Maria Schumm-DraegerCenter Internal Medicine Fünf Höfe, Munich, Germany.

Funding

Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbHSciarc GmbH, Baierbrunn, Germany
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionThe interplay between type 1 diabetes (T1D) and concomitant autoimmune diseases (AID) is both clinically and scientifically relevant. In this review, we delineate the epidemiological, pathophysiological and practical aspects underlying polyautoimmunity with a focus on T1D.

methodA comprehensive review of literature on T1D and associated AID was conducted, with the aim of drawing informed conclusions relevant to clinical practice. It draws on a targeted PubMed search conducted March-May 2025, emphasising recent peer-reviewed articles in English.

resultsEpidemiological data consistently indicate that individuals with T1D exhibit a significantly increased prevalence of additional AID. Familial aggregation of discordant AID and the concept of polyglandular autoimmune syndromes (PAS) or autoimmune polyendocrinopathy highlight that multiple AID can cluster and occur in a sequential and overlapping fashion, with T1D frequently acting as either an early or a subsequent manifestation. Thereby, genetic susceptibility, environmental triggers and epigenetic factors are pivotal in the initiation and progression of autoimmunity. Clinically, the coexistence of T1D with other AID poses significant challenges in disease management, often necessitating adjustments in therapeutic regimens and careful monitoring to mitigate complications. Early detection via stratified autoantibody testing is important for timely intervention and improved long-term outcomes.

conclusionsAccordingly, screening for T1D-associated autoantibodies in individuals with a personal or family history of AIDs, and vice versa, should be implemented in clinical practice.

Indexed as

Autoimmune DiseasesDiabetes Mellitus, Type 1AutoantibodiesHumansMass ScreeningAutoantibodiesantibody screeningautoimmune diseasesautoimmune polyendocrinopathypolyglandular autoimmune syndromestype 1 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID41317333
PMCPMC12664531

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.