Unveiling the nanotoxicology of snake venoms through functional and biochemical characterization of extracellular vesicles from Naja naja and Daboia russelii.

Nagendra K, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Vinutha R Bhat, Freston Marc Sirur

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Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Nagendra KDepartment of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7272-1128

Shankar M BakkannavarDepartment of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India. shankar.mb@manipal.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6599-7014

Vinutha R BhatDepartment of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9457-9492

Freston Marc SirurDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8095-2516

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Snake venom is a complex biochemical arsenal that exerts multifaceted effects on host physiology, primarily targeting the hemostatic, cellular, and metabolic systems. Recent attention has turned to venom-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) as active carriers of toxin components. The current study comparatively evaluates the hematological and enzymatic effects of crude venoms and EVs from Naja naja and Daboia russelii across key physiological parameters: prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), red blood cell hemolysis, and purinergic enzyme activity (ATPase and ADPase). Both venoms and their EVs caused dose-dependent alterations in coagulation, with EVs significantly prolonging aPTT and PT, indicating intrinsic and extrinsic pathway inhibition. Hemolysis assays revealed sex-specific erythrocyte susceptibility, with higher rates observed in female samples. Additionally, venom-derived EVs modulated ATPase and ADPase activity, interfering with cellular energy metabolism and thromboregulation. Our findings establish venom EVs as potent functional units that replicate and amplify native venom toxicity. These results underscore the importance of targeting EV-associated toxins in antivenom development and highlight the evolving complexity of venom systems biology. This study broadens our understanding of venom pathophysiology and identifies novel diagnostic and therapeutic avenues against snakebite envenomation.

Indexed as

DaboiaElapid VenomsExtracellular VesiclesNaja najaSnake VenomsAnimalsBlood CoagulationErythrocytesFemaleHemolysisHumansMalePartial Thromboplastin TimeProthrombin TimeElapid VenomsSnake VenomsATPase/ADPase activityCoagulation assaysHemolysisSnake venomSnake venom extracellular vesiclesVenom toxicology

Identifiers

PMID41318729

DOI10.1038/s41598-025-27041-6

PMCPMC12669237

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata

LicenceCC BY

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.