ArticleAmerican heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice2025
Global trends and inequalities in hypertensive and ischemic heart disease attributable to high body mass index: A systematic analysis from 1990 to 2021 with projections to 2035.
Article in American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Hypertensive heart disease (HHD) and ischemic heart disease (IHD) are major global burdens. High body mass index (BMI) is a key modifiable risk factor, but the global burden, trends, and inequalities of HHD and IHD attributable to high BMI remain poorly defined. Methods: We analyzed Global Burden of Disease data from 1990 to 2021 across 204 countries, estimating age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs), disability-adjusted life-year rates (ASDRs), and annual average percentage changes (AAPCs). Additional analyses included age- and sex-specific distributions, socio-demographic index (SDI) patterns, frontier and decomposition analyses, inequality metrics, and projections to 2035 using Bayesian age-period-cohort and ARIMA models. Results: From 1990 to 2021, global ASMR and ASDR for HHD attributable to high BMI slightly increased (AAPC: 0.014 and 0.099), whereas those for IHD declined (AAPC: -0.067 and -0.751). The highest HHD burden occurred in Southern Sub-Saharan Africa, and the greatest IHD burden in Eastern Europe. Elderly females had higher HHD mortality and DALYs, while middle-aged males bore greater IHD burden. HHD inversely correlated with SDI ( Conclusions: HHD and IHD attributable to high BMI show divergent global trends and inequality patterns, underscoring the urgent need for targeted weight management and cardiovascular risk reduction, particularly in low- and middle-SDI regions.
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