Trial reportBMC infectious diseases2025
Packaging-based visual-storytelling nudge to improve antibiotic adherence in uncomplicated urinary tract infection: a pilot randomized trial in Pakistan.
Trial report in BMC infectious diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAntibiotic resistance (ABR) is a growing public health issue, where non-adherence to antibiotics accelerates the development of resistance. Packaging-based nudge interventions may offer a low-cost and scalable solution. This pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) assessed the feasibility of a visual storytelling sticker affixed to antibiotic packaging to improve antibiotic adherence in patients with uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs).
methodsA parallel two-arm pilot RCT was conducted across six tertiary-care hospitals between May and July 2025. Physician-confirmed uncomplicated UTI patients, prescribed with oral antibiotics, were randomized in a 1:1 manner to receive either antibiotics with a visual storytelling sticker (intervention) or standard care (control). Primary outcomes were feasibility metrics, including recruitment, retention, and intervention delivery fidelity. Antibiotic adherence, measured by pill count at the completion of treatment, was assessed as an exploratory outcome.
resultsOf the 120 patients approached, 114 were screened, and 84 were deemed eligible. Seventy patients consented, of whom 66 were randomized (33 per arm). The recruitment and retention rates were 61.4% and 84.8%, respectively, whereas the intervention delivery fidelity was 87.5%. Exploratory analysis showed a 14.3% improvement in adherence in the intervention group (63.3%, 95%CI 61.1–65.5) compared with the control group (49%, 95%CI 46.5–51.5), though the study was not powered to test effectiveness.
conclusionsThis pilot trial showed that a packaging-based visual storytelling sticker can be successfully integrated into antibiotic dispensing workflows. Preliminary adherence differences offer estimates to inform sample size and design of a larger, definitive RCT.
trial registrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR), ChiCTR2500111346. Registered on 30 October 2025. Retrospectively registered.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.