Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41330055›Full record

ArticleDiabetes care2026

The Association Between Race/Ethnicity and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women Varies by BMI: A Pooled Analysis of Individual Data From 15 Cohort Studies.

Kazue Nagai, Hsin-Fang Chung, Kunihiko Hayashi, Annette J Dobson, Yuki Ideno, Sven Sandin, Yvonne T van der Schouw, Rebecca Hardy, Debra J Anderson, Panayotes Demakakos and 8 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Diabetes care, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Observational
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

18 authors.

Kazue NagaiCentre for Food Science and Wellness, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan.
Hsin-Fang ChungGunma University Initiative for Advanced Research, Gunma, Japan.ORCID 0000-0003-3261-5942
Kunihiko HayashiGunma University Initiative for Advanced Research, Gunma, Japan.
Annette J DobsonAustralian Women and Girls' Health Research Centre, School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Yuki IdenoCentre for Food Science and Wellness, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan.
Sven SandinDepartment of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Yvonne T van der SchouwJulius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Rebecca HardySchool of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, U.K.
Debra J AndersonFaculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Panayotes DemakakosDepartment of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, U.K.
Eric J BrunnerDepartment of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, U.K.
Ellen S MitchellFamily and Child Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
Nancy F WoodsBiobehavioral Nursing and Health Systems, School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
Sophie V EastwoodMedical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, U.K.
Samar R El KhoudaryDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
Monique M HeddersonDivision of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA.
Elisabete WeiderpassInternational Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France.
Gita D MishraGunma University Initiative for Advanced Research, Gunma, Japan.

Funding

The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN): The Impact of Midlife and the Menopause Transition on Health and Functioning in Early Old AgeU19AG063720 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · PI Maria Mori Brooks · 2020 to 2026
$61.3M
Project-001R01AG017644 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF LONDON INST OF NEUROLOGY · PI Andrew Steptoe · 2000 to 2026
$56.2M
WOMENS HEALTH ACROSS THE NATION--COORDINATING CENTERU01AG012553 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · PI BROOKS, MARIA MORI · 1994 to 2019
$37.7M
WOMENS HEALTH ACROSS THE NATION--ENDOCRINE LABU01AG012495 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI MCCONNELL, DANIEL S · 1994 to 2018
$18.8M
WOMENS HEALTH ACROSS THE NATION--PITTSBURGHU01AG012546 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · PI MATTHEWS, KAREN · 1994 to 2019
$16.2M
WOMENS HEALTH ACROSS THE NATION--UCDAVISU01AG012554 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS · PI GOLD, ELLEN B. · 1994 to 2019
$14.5M
WOMENS HEALTH ACROSS THE NATION--UCLAU01AG012539 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI GREENDALE, GAIL A · 1994 to 2018
$13.7M
THE STUDY OF WOMEN'S HEALTH ACROSS THE NATION-MICHIGANU01NR004061 · NINR · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI HARLOW, SIOBAN D · 1994 to 2018
$12.9M
WOMENS HEALTH ACROSS THE NATION--CHICAGOU01AG012505 · NIA · RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI KRAVITZ, HOWARD M · 1994 to 2019
$11.9M
WOMENS HEALTH ACROSS THE NATION--MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HU01AG012531 · NIA · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI FINKELSTEIN, JOEL S · 1994 to 2019
$10.7M
Women's Health Across the Nation-New Jersey SiteU01AG012535 · NIA · UNIV OF MED/DENT OF NJ-NJ MEDICAL SCHOOL · PI DERBY, CAROL A. · 1994 to 2019
$9.2M
Partnership CoreP30NR004001 · NINR · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI HEITKEMPER, MARGARET MCLEAN · 1994 to 2008
$3.7M
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science 19KK0235Japan Society for the Promotion of Science 23KK0167National Health and Medical Research Council Centres of Research Excellence: APP1153420National Health and Medical Research Council Leadership Fellowship: APP2009577National Health and Medical Research Council Project grant: APP1027196NIA NIH HHS R01 AG013196NIA NIH HHS R01 AG017644NIA NIH HHS R01 AG034454NIA NIH HHS U01 AG012495NIA NIH HHS U01 AG012505NIA NIH HHS U01 AG012531NIA NIH HHS U01 AG012535NIA NIH HHS U01 AG012539NIA NIH HHS U01 AG012546NIA NIH HHS U01 AG012553NIA NIH HHS U01 AG012554NIA NIH HHS U19 AG063720NINR NIH HHS P30 NR004001NINR NIH HHS U01 NR004061Wellcome TrustWorld Health Organization 001
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo examine the association between race/ethnicity and type 2 diabetes risk in women and assess the interaction between race/ethnicity and BMI. RESEARCH DESIGN AND

methodsWe analyzed individual-level data from 730,408 women across 15 cohort studies. Six racial/ethnic groups were identified: White, Chinese, Japanese, South/Southeast Asian, Black, and mixed/other. Cox proportional hazards models with study as a random effect were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for type 2 diabetes associated with race/ethnicity. The joint association of race/ethnicity and BMI was assessed using BMI categories incorporating Asian-specific cutoffs (<18.5, 18.5-22.9, 23.0-24.9, 25.0-27.4, 27.5-29.9, and ≥30 kg/m2), with White women having a BMI of 18.5-22.9 kg/m2 as the reference.

resultsOverall, 37,329 women (5.1%) were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. By age 70, the cumulative incidence was highest among South/Southeast Asian (24.6%) and Black women (23.6%), with baseline obesity rates of 40.0% (BMI ≥27.5 kg/m2) and 45.6% (BMI ≥30 kg/m2), respectively. After adjusting for BMI, South/Southeast Asian women had the highest diabetes risk compared with White women (HR 4.13, 95% CI 3.78-4.51), while other racial/ethnic groups had about twice the risk. Joint effect analysis showed South/Southeast Asian women with a BMI ≥23 kg/m2 had a substantially greater diabetes risk than other racial/ethnic groups with the same BMI, especially those with BMI 27.5-29.9 kg/m2 (HR 23.17, 19.21-27.95) and ≥30 kg/m2(HR 35.52, 30.57-41.28).

conclusionsSouth/Southeast Asian women have a markedly elevated risk of type 2 diabetes, further amplified by modestly higher BMI, highlighting the need for ethnicity-specific diabetes prevention strategies for women.

Indexed as

Body Mass IndexDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2AdultAgedAsian PeopleCohort StudiesEthnicityFemaleHumansMiddle AgedRacial GroupsRisk Factors

Identifiers

PMID41330055
PMCPMC12824813

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.