ArticleEuropean journal of medical research2025
Residual cholesterol inflammatory index and its prognostic role in mortality among individuals with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stages 0-3 based on U.S. and Chinese national cohorts.
Article in European journal of medical research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Mitochondrial Dysfunction at the Intersection of CKM Syndrome: Molecular Mechanisms and Path-to-Target Therapies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Association of multiple cholesterol-related indices with diabetic nephropathy: A cross-sectional analysis of the NHANES database.Science progressArticle
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5 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundCardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome, marked by multisystem dysfunction, is an emerging health concern. Traditional risk factors have limited ability to predict long-term mortality in CKM stages 0-3. The residual cholesterol inflammatory index (RCII), which integrates lipid abnormalities and chronic inflammation, may offer a novel prognostic tool. However, its independent value for predicting all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in early-stage CKM remains unclear.
methodsThis study analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 1999-2010), including 9,014 individuals at CKM stages 0-3. We assessed the relationship between RCII and all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality using weighted Cox models and restricted cubic splines. External validation was performed using the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Mediation analysis explored the role of estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR), and machine learning models were developed to predict mortality risk.
resultsOver a median follow-up of 13.4 years, 1,450 all-cause deaths and 496 CVD deaths were observed. RCII was significantly associated with both mortality outcomes. For each 1-SD increase in RCII, the hazard ratios were 1.151 (HR = 1.151 [95% CI 1.090-1.215]) for all-cause mortality and 1.192 (HR = 1.192 [95% CI 1.041-1.364]) for CVD mortality. These results were consistent with the CHARLS data, where each 1-SD increase in RCII was associated with a hazard ratio of 1.152 (HR = 1.152 [95% CI 1.092-1.215]) for all-cause mortality.
conclusionRCII is a strong predictor of mortality in CKM stages 0-3, potentially aiding risk assessment and early intervention.
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