Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41332385›Full record

ReviewStroke2026

Predisposing Factors, Pathologies, and Precipitating Factors Causing Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

Alice Hosking, Neshika Samarasekera, Tom J Moullaali, William N Whiteley, Vega Pratiwi Putri, Mark A Rodrigues, Colin Smith, Santosh B Murthy, David Gaist, Paula Muñoz Venturelli and 4 more

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Stroke, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Observational
  5. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Alice HoskingCentre for Clinical Brain Sciences (A.H., N.S., T.J.M., W.N.W., V.P.P., M.A.R., C.S., R.A.-S.S.), The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0001-6900-7778
Neshika SamarasekeraCentre for Clinical Brain Sciences (A.H., N.S., T.J.M., W.N.W., V.P.P., M.A.R., C.S., R.A.-S.S.), The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0001-6840-0199
Tom J MoullaaliCentre for Clinical Brain Sciences (A.H., N.S., T.J.M., W.N.W., V.P.P., M.A.R., C.S., R.A.-S.S.), The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0002-6786-3623
William N WhiteleyCentre for Clinical Brain Sciences (A.H., N.S., T.J.M., W.N.W., V.P.P., M.A.R., C.S., R.A.-S.S.), The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0002-4816-8991
Vega Pratiwi PutriCentre for Clinical Brain Sciences (A.H., N.S., T.J.M., W.N.W., V.P.P., M.A.R., C.S., R.A.-S.S.), The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0002-5294-0884
Mark A RodriguesCentre for Clinical Brain Sciences (A.H., N.S., T.J.M., W.N.W., V.P.P., M.A.R., C.S., R.A.-S.S.), The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0002-4507-6872
Colin SmithCentre for Clinical Brain Sciences (A.H., N.S., T.J.M., W.N.W., V.P.P., M.A.R., C.S., R.A.-S.S.), The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0002-4507-5132
Santosh B MurthyClinical and Translational Neuroscience Unit, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (S.B.M.).ORCID 0000-0002-4950-0992
David GaistResearch Unit for Neurology, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark (D.G.).ORCID 0000-0001-5205-7007
Paula Muñoz VenturelliCentro de Estudios Clínicos, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (P.M.V.).ORCID 0000-0003-1869-2255
Xin ChengDepartment of Neurology, National Center for Neurological Disorders, National Clinical Research Centre for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital (X.C.), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.ORCID 0000-0001-7816-0547
Craig S AndersonThe Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence (C.S.A.), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.ORCID 0000-0002-7248-4863
Ashkan ShoamaneshDepartment of Medicine, Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (A.S.).ORCID 0000-0002-2802-1626
Rustam Al-Shahi SalmanCentre for Clinical Brain Sciences (A.H., N.S., T.J.M., W.N.W., V.P.P., M.A.R., C.S., R.A.-S.S.), The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0002-2108-9222

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Most people with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) have hypertension, which is the strongest modifiable predisposing (risk) factor. However, multiple long-term medical conditions and other known predisposing factors for ICH usually coexist with hypertension, indicating that the causal pathway is multifactorial, and the term hypertensive ICH is oversimplistic. In this review, we integrate the highest quality evidence and our clinical experience in a framework to attribute multiple predisposing factors, underlying pathologies, and precipitating factors as the cause of ICH. In clinical practice, this framework supports physicians to take a holistic approach to treatment and prevention of ICH. In research, this framework shows how existing classification systems for the cause of ICH include underlying macrovascular, microvascular, and other structural pathologies but few predisposing or precipitating factors. Furthermore, this framework can inform the development of a more holistic classification system and expose knowledge gaps, including how predisposing factors lead to underlying pathologies and why only some people with these pathologies experience ICH.

Indexed as

Cerebral HemorrhageHypertensionHumansPrecipitating FactorsRisk Factorscerebral hemorrhagecerebral small vessel diseaseshypertensionrisk factorsstroke

Identifiers

PMID41332385
PMCPMC13003937

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.