Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41334708›Full record

ArticleSmall methods2026

Optimizing Electrochemical Microprinting of Conducting Polymers: Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy (SECCM) Coupled with Conveyor-Belt Surface Analysis.

Noah Al-Shamery, Dimitrios Valavanis, Bethanie Dean, Anna Dettlaff, Michał Sobaszek, Robert Bogdanowicz, Paul Wilson, Pooi See Lee, Patrick R Unwin

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Small methods, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Noah Al-ShamerySchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5812-0695
Dimitrios ValavanisDepartment of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-664X
Bethanie DeanDepartment of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
Anna DettlaffFaculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., Gdańsk, 80-233, Poland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5631-950X
Michał SobaszekFaculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., Gdańsk, 80-233, Poland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3180-9297
Robert BogdanowiczFaculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., Gdańsk, 80-233, Poland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2620
Paul WilsonDepartment of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9760-899X
Pooi See LeeSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1383-1623
Patrick R UnwinDepartment of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3106-2178

Funding

Royal Society URF∖R∖231011
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) is a versatile tool for localized electrochemical mapping, material modification, and microfabrication. In its hopping mode, the pipette-based system confines reactions to the meniscus contact area, allowing precise deposition control. Here, an SECCM-driven strategy for polypyrrole (PPy) microfabrication using phosphate buffer as the electrolyte, combined with an intermediate cleaning step to remove side products and prevent pipette clogging, is reported. This approach enables the production of uniform, circular PPy deposits with high reproducibility on gold substrates. A multi-microscopy "conveyor-belt" analysis - combining SEM, AFM, EDX, and Raman spectroscopy - reveals that phosphate ions intercalate into the PPy matrix during polymerization, as also seen in bulk studies. This intercalation is found to be reversible via post-deposition rinsing. Furthermore, this work demonstrates that cyclic voltammetry-based deposition enables patterned PPy growth on complex surfaces such as boron-doped carbon nanowalls, overcoming surface charge and wetting challenges. These findings expand the applicability of SECCM for 2D conducting polymer micro-/nanofabrication on both flat and structurally complex substrates.

Indexed as

carbon nanowallsmicrofabricationpolypyrrolescanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM)sensor arrays

Identifiers

PMID41334708
PMCPMC12790364

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.