Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41335175›Full record

ArticleAnnals of surgical oncology2026

Machine Learning for Classification in Lung Cancer Using Routine Clinical and Laboratory Data.

Chang Liu, YuLin Liao, Dongsheng Wang, Jie Yang, Liwei Zhao, Xiaoling Liu, Zuo Wang, Lichun Wu

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Annals of surgical oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Chang Liu *Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
YuLin Liao *Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
Dongsheng WangDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
Jie YangDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
Liwei ZhaoDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
Xiaoling LiuDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
Zuo WangDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China. decent_wolf@163.com.
Lichun WuDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China. wulichun@scszlyy.org.cn.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundAccurate pathological classification of lung cancer is essential for informing treatment strategies. However, invasive biopsy procedures are not feasible for high-risk patients or those with inaccessible lesions. This study aimed to develop a machine learning model utilizing routine clinical and laboratory data for classification of non-invasive lung cancer.

methodsData from patients admitted to Sichuan Provincial Cancer Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Key features were determined using LASSO and Boruta algorithms. Four machine learning models, including logistic regression, extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), categorical boosting (CatBoost), and random forest (RandomForest), were trained and optimized through five-fold cross-validation. Model performance was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), accuracy, and F1 score. An online calculator was developed using R Shiny for clinical deployment.

resultsA total of 1122 patients with lung cancer were included and randomly assigned to the training and test sets. In the training set, 16 features were incorporated into the models. The RandomForest model demonstrated superior performance compared with the other models, achieving an AUC of 0.999, an accuracy of 0.984, and an F1 score of 1.000. Notably, sex and tumor markers were identified as significant predictors. In the test set, the RandomForest model attained a micro-averaged AUC of 0.969 and macro-averaged AUC of 0.940. Sensitivity and specificity varied from 0.667 to 0.995 across subtypes. A web-based tool was implemented to facilitate real-time clinical application ( https://nkuwangkai.shinyapps.io/lung-cancer-v1/ ).

conclusionThis study presented a robust, non-invasive machine learning model for lung cancer subtype classification, addressing critical gaps in clinical practice for biopsy-ineligible patients. A web-based calculator was developed to facilitate clinical application. Nonetheless, future multicenter validation is warranted to expand the generalizability of this model and promote adoption in diverse healthcare settings.

Indexed as

Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell LungLung NeoplasmsMachine LearningAgedAlgorithmsBiomarkers, TumorFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHumansMaleMiddle AgedPrognosisRetrospective StudiesROC CurveBiomarkers, TumorCalculatorClassificationDiagnosisLung cancerMachine learning

Identifiers

PMID41335175
PMCPMC12982216

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.