Evidence mapPaperPMID 41335277Full record

ArticleDigestive diseases and sciences2026

Self-Efficacy as a Mediator Between Caregiver Burden, Health Literacy, and Contribution to Self-Care in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Daniele Napolitano, Mattia Bozzetti, Francesco Petrosino, Silvia Cilluffo, Francesca Trotta, Gianluca Pucciarelli, Davide Bartoli, Alessio Lo Cascio, Ercole Vellone

Erratum issuedAbstract readMulticenter Study
In one paragraph

Article in Digestive diseases and sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Daniele NapolitanoCEMAD-Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy. daniele.napolitano@policlinicogemelli.it.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2481-5354
Mattia BozzettiDirection of Health Professions, ASST Cremona, Cremona, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1644-2108
Francesco PetrosinoDirection of Health Professions, ASL Salerno, Salerno, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2607-8749
Silvia CilluffoDepartment of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2756-9929
Francesca TrottaAOU Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0608-966X
Gianluca PucciarelliDepartment of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6915-6802
Davide BartoliInterdisciplinary Department of Wellbeing, Health and Environmental Sustainability - BeSSA Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 02100, Rieti, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6494-1190
Alessio Lo CascioLa Maddalena Cancer Center, Via San Lorenzo 312, Palermo, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5581-4114
Ercole VelloneDepartment of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4673-7473

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeInformal caregivers play a critical role in supporting Self-Care behaviors in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the extent to which caregiver burden, health literacy, and Self-Efficacy predict their contribution to patient Self-Care remains unclear, and the potential mediating role of Self-Efficacy has not yet been established.

methodsA multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted across nine Italian IBD centers. Caregivers completed validated instruments assessing burden (Zarit Burden Interview, score range 0-88; higher scores indicate greater burden), health literacy (Single Item Literacy Screener, 1-5; scores > 2 indicate inadequate literacy), Self-Efficacy (CSE-CSC, standardized 0-100; higher scores indicate greater confidence), and caregiver contribution to Self-Care (CC-SC-CII, standardized 0-100 across maintenance, monitoring, and management; higher scores indicate greater contribution). Structural equation modelling explored direct and indirect associations among study variables.

resultsAmong 275 caregivers, the mean age was 51 years (SD = 13); 160 (58%) were female and 115 (42%) male. Mean contribution scores were 54.99 (SD = 25.62) for Self-Care Maintenance, 67.33 (SD = 32.28) for Self-Care Monitoring, and 56.18 (SD = 23.15) for Self-Care Management. Mean Self-Efficacy was 72.41 (SD = 18.42). Self-Efficacy significantly predicted Self-Care Monitoring  (β = 0.34, p < 0.001) and Self-Care Management (β = 0.42, p < 0.001), while burden showed modest but significant associations across domains. Health literacy demonstrated no significant effects, and no mediation pathways were identified.

conclusionSelf-Efficacy emerged as a central determinant of caregiver contribution to patient Self-Care in IBD, particularly for Self-Care Monitoring  and Self-Care Management  behaviors. Interventions aimed at strengthening caregiver confidence and tailored to gender- and disease-specific needs may enhance the quality of caregiving and ultimately support better patient outcomes.

Indexed as

Caregiver BurdenCaregiversCost of IllnessHealth LiteracyInflammatory Bowel DiseasesSelf CareSelf EfficacyAdultAgedCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansItalyMaleMiddle AgedCaregiver burdenHealth literacyInflammatory Bowel DiseaseSelf-CareSelf-EfficacyStructural equation modeling

Identifiers

PMID41335277
PMCPMC13201276

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.