ReviewInternational ophthalmology2025
The blood-retinal barrier in ocular pathologies: an updated narrative review.
Review in International ophthalmology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- LAG3 Gene Therapy Attenuates Autoimmune Uveitis by Regulating the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Blood-Ocular Barrier Dysfunction in Uveitis: A Bidirectional Model Linking Pathogenesis, Clinical Monitoring, and Therapeutic Opportunities.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Single-cell insights into maladaptive endothelial plasticity and therapeutic targets in diabetic vascular complications.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2026Review
- Hydrogel-based delivery of MSCs and derivatives for improved diabetic retinopathy therapy.Stem cell research & therapy · 2026Review
- The Role of Viral Infection and Microbial Dysbiosis in Glaucoma: From Pathogenesis to Therapeutic Strategies.Viruses · 2026Review
- The Benefits and Risks of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists on Ocular Diseases: A Narrative Review.Cureus · 2026Review
- Selective phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors and implication in diabetic retinopathy as pharmacological tools.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo provide a comprehensive overview of the structural and functional characteristics of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB), examine its critical role in the pathogenesis of major ocular diseases, and summarize current and emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring BRB integrity.
methodsA literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, focusing primarily on publications from the past 10 years supplemented by seminal earlier works. This narrative review synthesizes evidence on BRB molecular anatomy, pathological mechanisms, disease-specific roles, and therapeutic interventions.
resultsThe BRB comprises inner (iBRB) and outer (oBRB) compartments with distinct cellular and molecular architectures. BRB dysfunction is driven by convergent mechanisms including aging, hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, inflammation, and hypoxia, which disrupt tight junction proteins and promote aberrant angiogenesis. This barrier breakdown constitutes a pivotal pathogenic driver in major blinding diseases: age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and retinal vein occlusion, glaucoma, and uveitis. Current standard treatments include anti-VEGF agents and corticosteroids. Emerging strategies target Wnt/β-catenin signaling, employ senolytic therapies, utilize biomaterial-based drug delivery, and develop organ-on-a-chip models for personalized medicine.
conclusionsBRB disruption represents a critical inflection point in ocular disease progression, triggering self-perpetuating cycles of neuroinflammation and degeneration. Effective restoration requires multi-faceted approaches combining anti-angiogenic, antiinflammatory, and barrier-strengthening mechanisms. Future research should focus on dynamic functional assessment, single-cell multi-omics integration, and adaptive therapeutic strategies to prevent irreversible vision loss.
Indexed as
Identifiers
41348407What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.