ArticleBMC biotechnology2025
Design, optimization of Niosomal gel capability for solubility and bioavailability enhancement of Kynurenic acid after intranasal administration: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation.
Article in BMC biotechnology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundKynurenic acid (KNA) could be useful in treating neurological diseases; nevertheless, the fact that it couldn’t penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits its neuroprotective efficacy. Research is being conducted on drug delivery devices to transport KNA to the brain.
objectiveThis work set out to make it more soluble, stability, and brain bioavailability of KNA by developing, optimising, and testing a niosomal in situ nasal gel that would cross the blood-brain barrier and overcome its limited permeability.
methodsThe entrapment efficiency (EE), particle size, and in vitro drug release (CDR) of the resulting niosomes were assessed after preparation using varying concentration of lipid, nonionic surfactant, and cholesterol. To assess the pharmacokinetics of niosomes loaded with KNA in male Wistar rats, a statistical approach was utilised. Measurements such as Cmax, Tmax, t1/2, MRT, AUC, and Ke were evaluated by non-compartmental analysis.
resultsThe zeta potential of the KNA-niosomes was − 15.64 mV, the CDR was 92.51%, and the EE was 89.52%. The mean particle size of the niosomes was 195.86 ± 4.85 nm. The drug loading capacity was enhanced with the addition of polymers to the KNA. The spherical shape of the niosomes was verified by both conventional microscopy and TEM. The medication and the excipients did not appear to have any chemical interactions. When tested in living organisms, the improved nasal niosomal gel showed a bioavailability that was 2.13 times higher than that of oral medication solutions.
conclusionRelative to KNA oral suspension, the findings indicated that the KNA-loaded niosomal gel exhibited significantly enhanced relative bioavailability and superior drug permeation across the nasal mucosa.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.