SynthesisBMC medicine2025
Association between socioeconomic status and diabetic retinopathy in individuals with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMC medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Revealing the Blind Spots: Linked EHRs Associate Racial and Ethnic Inequities in Diabetic Eye Care Testing.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Association of Physical Activity and Socioeconomic Status With Glycaemic Control in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study Using CGM Data.Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDespite improvements in screening and diabetes management, diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains a leading cause of vision loss in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Although clinical risk factors for DR are well established, the impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on DR risk remains poorly defined. The objective of this study was to estimate the association between SES and DR in people with T1D.
methodsWe searched MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science from inception to May 2025 for observational studies evaluating the association between SES and DR prevalence or incidence in individuals with T1D. Two reviewers independently performed study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment using the ROBINS-E tool. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted using the Sidik-Jonkman method. Subgroup analyses were performed by DR severity, SES measurement level, geographic region, and study design. Certainty was graded using the GRADE framework.
resultsTwenty-two studies including 69,446 individuals from 13 countries were included. Low SES was significantly associated with higher DR risk (OR = 1.44; 95% CI: 1.21-1.71; I
conclusionsSocioeconomic disadvantage is a significant and clinically relevant risk factor for DR in individuals with T1D. The effect appears more pronounced for advanced stages. Integrating SES into DR risk stratification models and screening strategies may be essential to promote equity and reduce preventable vision loss. PROSPERO REGISTRATION: CRD420251034446.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.