ReviewReviews in cardiovascular medicine2025
Endothelial Dysfunction in Sex-Specific Disparities in Cardiovascular Diseases: Biological Mechanisms, Diagnostic-Therapeutic Differences, and Translational Medicine Strategies.
Review in Reviews in cardiovascular medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- The acute and chronic effects of local aerobic exercise on cardiovascular physiology.Experimental physiology · 2026Review
- Endothelial Mitochondrial Dysfunction in INOCA and Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction: Mechanisms, Sex Differences, and Therapeutic Implications.Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2026Review
- Predictors of Adverse Outcomes During 30-Day Follow-Up in Patients Aged 75 Years and Older with Acute Coronary Syndrome.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Sex-specific disparities in the pathogenesis and outcomes of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) highlight critical gaps in current clinical paradigms, particularly regarding endothelial dysfunction as a pivotal mediator of such differences. Males have a higher incidence of atherosclerosis-related CVD, while postmenopausal females experience microvascular dysfunction due to estrogen loss and androgen dominance. Estrogen confers cardioprotective effects via nitric oxide (NO)-mediated vasodilation and antioxidant pathways. In contrast, androgens exert dual pathological effects by promoting inflammation and oxidative stress in a concentration-dependent manner. Clinically, men develop obstructive coronary disease, whereas women present with underdiagnosed microvascular ischemia due to sex-neutral thresholds. Sex-specific risks (e.g., smoking/diabetes in women) and treatment disparities persist in CVDs, meaning sex-stratified diagnostics/therapeutics and trial reforms are needed to advance precision cardiology. Unlike traditional reviews that focus on mechanisms, this study aims to link molecular insights with translational strategies by proposing endothelial-targeted therapies, sex-adjusted diagnostic algorithms, and policy-driven trial reforms. By prioritizing the endothelial-sex hormone crosstalk as the nexus of pathophysiology and clinical translation, this synthesis advances precision cardiology beyond conventional symptom-focused paradigms.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.