tUbeNet: a generalizable deep learning tool for 3D vessel segmentation.

Deep learning has become an invaluable tool for bioimage analysis but, while open-source cell annotation software such as Cellpose is widely used, an equivalent tool for three-dimensional (3D) vascular annotation does not exist. With the vascular system being directly impacted by a broad range of diseases, there is significant medical interest in quantitative analysis for vascular imaging. We present a new deep learning model, coupled with a human-in-the-loop training approach, for segmentation of vasculature that is generalizable across tissues, modalities, scales, and pathologies. To create a generalizable model, a 3D convolutional neural network was trained using curated data from modalities including optical imaging, computational tomography, and photoacoustic imaging. Through this varied training set, the model was forced to learn common features of vessels' cross-modality and scale. Following this, the pre-trained 'foundation' model was fine-tuned to different applications with a minimal amount of manually labelled ground truth data. It was found that the foundation model could be specialized to a new datasets using as little as 0.3% of the volume of said dataset for fine-tuning. The fine-tuned model was able to segment 3D vasculature with a high level of accuracy (DICE coefficient between 0.81 and 0.98) across a range of applications. These results show a general model trained on a highly varied data catalogue can be specialized to new applications with minimal human input. This model and training approach enables users to produce accurate segmentations of 3D vascular networks without the need to label large amounts of training data.