Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41361890›Full record

ReviewParasites & vectors2025

Concomitant immunity in persistent Leishmania infections: could it represent an evolutionary balance and a vaccine target?

Francesca Divenuto, Simona Gigliotti, Grazia Pavia, Fabrizio Vitale, Sofia Cortes, Carla Maia, Nadia Marascio, Angela Quirino, Giovanni Matera

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Parasites & vectors, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Francesca DivenutoClinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy. francescadivenuto@unicz.it.
Simona GigliottiClinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
Grazia PaviaClinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
Fabrizio VitaleNational Reference Center for Leishmaniasis (C.Re.Na.L.), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sicilia, 90129, Palermo, Italy.
Sofia CortesUnidade de Parasitologia Médica, Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene E Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
Carla MaiaUnidade de Parasitologia Médica, Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene E Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
Nadia MarascioClinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
Angela QuirinoClinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
Giovanni MateraClinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Concomitant immunity (CI) can be viewed as an example of coevolution between the microorganisms and their long-lived hosts. Such an ecological trade-off may be advantageous to both the microbe and the host, as it allows protozoa and helminths to maintain their genetic features while providing the host, particularly mammals, with long-standing protection against reinfection by the same microbe. In Leishmania infection, CI is the mechanism whereby parasites remain at low-level infection in the host, which develops a strong immune reaction that protects against reinfection. Mechanistically, several CD4

Indexed as

LeishmaniaLeishmaniasisLeishmaniasis VaccinesProtozoan VaccinesAnimalsBiological EvolutionCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesHost-Parasite InteractionsHumansLeishmaniasis VaccinesProtozoan VaccinesConcomitant immunityExhaustionImmunodepressionParasite persistenceReinfectionT cellsVaccines

Identifiers

PMID41361890
PMCPMC12801518

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.