ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2025
Kynurenine-Derived UV Filters and Other Cytoprotective Metabolites in the Eye Lenses of Rodents From the Squirrel Family (Sciuridae).
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Ergothioneine as a potential protective agent against macular degeneration and other eye disorders.Scientific reports · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: Metabolites play a crucial role in the protection of the eye lens from damage caused by UV radiation, with molecular UV filters absorbing UV light, antioxidants preventing oxidative stress, and osmolytes regulating cellular pressure. This study is aimed at identifying cytoprotective metabolites in rodent eye lenses including full set of UV filters in squirrel lenses. Methods: A quantitative metabolomic analysis of the lenses from seven rodent species of the Sciuridae (squirrel) and Cricetidae (hamster) families was performed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A total of 68 metabolites were measured, and cytoprotective metabolites of rodent lenses were revealed. Results: Animal lifestyle was found to be a major factor determining the set of cytoprotective metabolites in the lens. Squirrels are diurnal animals, and their lenses contain high levels of kynurenine derivatives acting as UV filters, myo-inositol as an osmolyte, and glutathione and ascorbic acid as antioxidants. This makes the squirrel lenses similar to human lenses and suggests that squirrels can be considered as good models for studying human ophthalmic diseases. We detected and identified 16 UVA-absorbing compounds in squirrel lenses, with N-acetyl-3-hydroxykynurenine being the most abundant UV filter. In contrast, hamster lenses have no UV filters at all, and their major osmolytes and antioxidants are taurine and glutathione, respectively. Conclusions: Our results shed light on the cytoprotective mechanisms of mammalian eye tissues and generate interest in the squirrel eye as a model for studying human ocular diseases.
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