ArticleBMC complementary medicine and therapies2025
Sweet orange essential oil and (+)-limonene prevent oxidative stress, reduce inflammation, and apoptosis in differentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma/BV-2 microglia co-culture neurodegeneration models.
Article in BMC complementary medicine and therapies, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Integrated WGCNA and Network Pharmacology Explore the Potential Mechanisms of D-Limonene in Alleviating Traumatic Brain Injury.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Exploring the interplay between olfaction and vision: neuroplasticity, rehabilitation, and the therapeutic potential of herbal ingredients.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundParkinson's disease (PD) is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide. The pathophysiology of this condition is characterized by oxidative stress, inflammation, iron accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and protein aggregation, all of which contribute to cell death and neurodegeneration. Microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain, play a significant role in the development and progression of PD by releasing inflammatory cytokines upon activation. Essential oils (EOs) are emerging as potential therapeutic agents because of their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
methodsIn our study, we investigated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects of sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae)] EO and its main compound (+)-limonene on monocultures of all-trans retinoic acid-differentiated and 6-hydroxydopamine-induced (6-OHDA) SH-SY5Y cells and bilaminar co-cultures containing differentiated and 6-hydroxydopamine-induced SH-SY5Y cells and BV-2 microglia.
resultsSweet orange EO and (+)-limonene significantly decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and increased oxidative stress defense by increasing the total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities in human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells. Additionally, both EO and its main compound mitigated inflammation by downregulating the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. They also decreased the cytochrome c levels and caspase-3 activity. Furthermore, sweet orange EO and (+)-limonene attenuated microglia-mediated inflammation in co-cultures, suggesting their potential application as modulators of microglial activity.
conclusionsBased on these results, sweet orange EO and its main component, (+)-limonene, can be considered as neuroprotective agents and are promising candidates for complementary therapy in Parkinson's disease.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.