ArticleJournal of health, population, and nutrition2025
Monte Carlo simulation approach for health risk analysis of heavy metals' contamination in infant formula and food on the Iranian market.
Article in Journal of health, population, and nutrition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Potentially Toxic Element (PTE) Contamination in Raw Cow Milk: Insights into Concentration Levels and Dietary Exposure Risk Assessment.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundExcessive exposure to toxic trace elements through food ingestion can adversely affect infant health. This study assesses the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks associated with trace elements (iron, selenium, zinc, chromium, mercury, cadmium, aluminium, barium, and strontium) in infant formula and complementary foods.
methodsA total of 80 formula milks and 27 baby food samples from 6 commercial brands have been collected from June 2020 to June 2021 from the Iranian market. The potential lifetime health risk posed to infants and toddlers is measured based on daily intake of elements, non-cancer hazard indices (HIs), hazard quotient (HQ), and cancer risks (CR).
resultsThe average concentrations of aluminium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, and zinc in infant formula and complementary foods significantly exceeded FAO/WHO standards across all seasons (P < 0.05). All HI values exceeded the safety threshold (HI > 1) for all age groups. Cancer risks ranged from 9.55 × 10⁻⁵ to 3.57 × 10⁻⁴, indicating potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks for infants and children.
conclusionsTherefore, authoritative action limits should be set for baby food manufacturers to evaluate both their finished products for toxic trace elements and phase out products that have high toxic trace elements.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.