Cellular Communication Networks Mediated by Microglia in Ischemic Stroke.

introductionMicroglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, rapidly activate after ischemic stroke and actively communicate with neurons, astrocytes, endothelial cells, and infiltrating peripheral immune cells. As ischemic stroke remains a major cause of death and long-term disability worldwide, growing evidence highlights that microglia-driven communication-through direct cell-cell contact, soluble factors, and extracellular vesicles-plays a central role in regulating neuroinflammation and shaping disease progression. A clearer understanding of these communication networks may help identify new therapeutic strategies targeting glial function.

methodsThis review summarizes recent advances in understanding microglial states after ischemic stroke and their communication with neural and peripheral immune cells. Literature was collected from PubMed and Web of Science, with attention to mechanisms involving direct cell-cell interaction, cytokine and chemokine signaling, extracellular vesicle communication, and newly described tunneling structures. Key regulatory processes at different pathological stages are compared.

resultsExperimental and clinical evidence shows that microglia display dynamic and heterogeneous activation patterns after ischemic stroke. Through diverse communication pathways, they influence neuronal survival, synaptic remodeling, inflammatory responses, and blood-brain barrier integrity. Soluble mediators-including cytokines, chemokines, and damage-associated molecular patterns-shape both local and systemic immune reactions, while extracellular vesicles regulate neuroinflammation and tissue repair by transferring bioactive molecules. Recently reported microglial tunneling structures further increase the complexity of intercellular communication. Together, these pathways determine the progression of ischemic injury and recovery.

conclusionsMicroglia act as central coordinators of communication among neurons, glial cells, and immune cells during ischemic stroke, thereby influencing disease severity and functional outcome. Clarifying microglia-mediated communication mechanisms may help guide the development of targeted immunomodulatory treatments. Continued research will be important for advancing these findings toward clinical translation.