ArticleBiomedical optics express2025
Distribution and dynamics of motile immune cells near the inner limiting membrane in the living human eye.
Article in Biomedical optics express, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Imaging of Tissue and Cell Dynamics: introduction to the feature issue.Biomedical optics express · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Recent attention has been given to immune cells near the inner limiting membrane (ILM) of the retina due to their potential use as a biomarker or therapeutic target. Non-invasive phase contrast imaging via optical coherence tomography or non-confocal adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy has allowed investigations into cellular dynamics and morphology. The cells have been variously referred to as microglia, hyalocytes, or ILM macrophages, with no consensus yet reached as to their identity. Here, we employed AOSLO with an improved non-confocal detection scheme to investigate motile immune cells and their relation, if any, to nearby retinal vasculature. Image series were systematically acquired to observe cells over time (30-60 minutes) at different depth planes (9.2 µm separation), in 3 healthy human subjects, within 2°x2° fields between 8° and 14° temporally and 0° and 8° superior from fixation. A total of 77 cell somas and their process tips were labelled, with a further 20 cells tracked with higher frequency to explore moment-to-moment variations. Cell somas were separated from the nearest blood vessel by 39.1 ± 17.3 µm (mean ± standard deviation). The cells occupied an effective monolayer, averaging 25.0 ± 15.7 µm anterior to the nearest vessel and with no cell observed posterior to a vessel. Compared to cell distributions known from histology, our observations suggest that only a subset of resident immune cells is amenable to phase contrast imaging. Monte Carlo simulations were carried out to determine whether immune cells are located differently from random within their monolayer; we found that cells did not co-localize with the nearby vasculature (p > 0.05), but did have a strong tendency to avoid each other (p ∼ 10
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Registered trials
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