Comprehensive safety evaluation of

Objective: This study evaluates the safety profiles of Methods: We employed natural language processing (NLP) to systematically review existing literature and utilized quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models to predict liver and reproductive toxicity at the molecular level. Special attention was given to withanolides, the bioactive compounds in Ashwagandha, due to conflicting safety information. Additionally, we reviewed case studies reporting liver toxicity, noting that many involved supplements containing both leaves and roots, complicating the identification of the toxicity source. Results: Our analysis indicated that Ashwagandha root exhibits a superior safety profile compared to non-root parts, particularly concerning liver and reproductive toxicity. When compared to a broad set of other herbal supplements, Ashwagandha root was found to have a better safety profile than most, making it a first-choice ingredient for safe and effective use in supplements. While non-root parts of Ashwagandha showed higher toxicity potential than the root, their safety profile was still comparable to other edible plants and herbal supplements. Conclusion: This study suggests that the root of