Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41371714›Full record

ArticleClinical obesity2026

Evaluation of Skinfolds Based Predictive Equations for Estimating Body Fat Percentage in Older Adults: A Comparison Using Digital Adipometer (Lipowise) and Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA).

Gabriela Benatti de Oliveira, Lara Vilar Fernandes, Teresa F Amaral, Ana Carolina Junqueira Vasques, Ligiana Pires Corona

Abstract readComparative Study
In one paragraph

Article in Clinical obesity, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Review
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Gabriela Benatti de OliveiraFaculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0327-6646
Lara Vilar FernandesFaculty of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3431-4393
Teresa F AmaralFaculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences UPorto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3998-6730
Ana Carolina Junqueira VasquesFaculty of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9222-1107
Ligiana Pires CoronaFaculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5298-7714

Funding

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico 304838/2022-5Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo 2020/00944-2Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo 2021/01304-0
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Accurate assessment of body fat percentage (%BF) is essential for predicting health risks in older adults, as age-related changes affect fat distribution and measurement accuracy. While dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is a standard reference, it is costly and less accessible. This pilot study evaluated the validity of four skinfold equations using a digital calliper, with DXA as the reference to estimate %BF in older adults. A cross-sectional study included 149 participants (28 men and 121 women) aged 60 to 86 years. The Lean, Durnin-Womersley, and Visser equations (using 2 and 4 skinfolds) were analysed to estimate %BF. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (v.29), including Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney, Cohen's Kappa, and Bland-Altman. Skinfold equations differed significantly from DXA-derived %BF. In women, DXA values were lower than Lean but higher than Durnin-Womersley; in men, DXA showed lower %BF than Lean and higher than others. Agreement with DXA was moderate (Kappa 0.54-0.59). Durnin-Womersley underestimated %BF, especially in men (11.5%); Lean slightly overestimated (1.3%). Visser showed minimal bias-slight overestimation in women (0.3%, 0.4%) and underestimation in men (3.7%, 4.3%). Age-related physiological factors may impact equation accuracy. Discrepancies between DXA and skinfold equations highlight the need for age-specific prediction models for older adults.

Indexed as

Absorptiometry, PhotonAdipose TissueAdipositySkinfold ThicknessAgedAged, 80 and overCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedPilot ProjectsReproducibility of Resultsadipose tissueanthropometrybody compositionolder adultsskinfold thickness

Identifiers

PMID41371714
PMCPMC12695462

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.