Evidence mapPaperPMID 41374010Full record

Trial reportNutrients2025

Plasma and Urinary TMAO and Methylamine Responses to Meat and Egg Ingestion: Links to Gut Microbiota Composition in Subjects With and Without Metabolic Syndrome.

Mohammed E Hefni, Anders Esberg, Patrik Hellström, Ingegerd Johansson, Cornelia M Witthöft

Abstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
In one paragraph

Trial report in Nutrients, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Mohammed E HefniDepartment of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, 392 31 Kalmar, Sweden.ORCID 0000-0003-0550-5828
Anders EsbergDepartment of Odontology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umea, Sweden.ORCID 0000-0002-4430-8125
Patrik HellströmDepartment of Health and Caring Sciences, Linnaeus University, 392 31 Kalmar, Sweden.
Ingegerd JohanssonDepartment of Odontology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umea, Sweden.ORCID 0000-0002-9227-8434
Cornelia M WitthöftDepartment of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, 392 31 Kalmar, Sweden.ORCID 0000-0003-0387-4312

Funding

Crafoord Foundation 20180874Crafoord Foundation 20231220
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND/

objectivesTrimethylamine SUBJECTS/

methodsIn a randomized crossover trial, 12 MetS (≥3 criteria according to the Adult Treatment Panel III: elevated waist circumference, fasting glucose, triglycerides, and blood pressure or reduced HDL cholesterol) and 21 non-MetS subjects consumed two test meals (3 hard-boiled eggs or 170 g meat balls) after overnight fasting, with ≥1-week washout. Blood was collected at baseline and 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6 h postprandially; urine was collected over 6 h. Fecal samples (collected pre-first day of intervention) underwent 16S rRNA sequencing. Plasma and urinary TMAO, TMA, choline, and carnitine were quantified using UPLC-MS/MS.

resultsMetS subjects exhibited a non-significant trend towards higher incremental AUCs for plasma TMA, TMAO, choline, and carnitine after consuming both foods, with a 30-50% higher urinary TMAO excretion (but similar for TMA) versus non-MetS subjects. This exploratory analysis also indicated that MetS subjects had reduced gut microbial diversity, featuring decreased

conclusionNo significant increase in plasma methylamines after choline and carnitine challenge was observed in subjects with MetS compared with non-MetS. In MetS subjects (without CVD and T2D), gut microbiota composition was characterized by increased pro-inflammatory bacteria rather than TMAO-generating bacteria. The lack of statistical significance with regard to plasma TMAO response could be due to an insufficient sample size rather than the absence of an effect. Nevertheless, the observed elevation might still be clinically relevant, supported by concurrent differences in microbiota composition. These preliminary findings warrant validation in larger cohorts due to sample size limitations.

Indexed as

EggsGastrointestinal MicrobiomeMeatMetabolic SyndromeMethylaminesAdultCarnitineCholineCross-Over StudiesFecesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedPostprandial PeriodCarnitineCholineMethylaminestrimethylaminetrimethyloxamineegggut microbiotameatmetabolic syndromeTMAO

Identifiers

PMID41374010
PMCPMC12693793

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.