ReviewDiagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Beyond BMI: Rethinking Obesity Metrics and Cardiovascular Risk in the Era of Precision Medicine.
Review in Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Muscle Mass Moderates Metabolic Syndrome Risk Associated with Adiposity: A SHAP-Based Machine Learning Study.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Prevalence and Determinants of General and Central Obesity in Central-Southern Bulgaria: Associations with Cardiometabolic Risk and Lifestyle Factors.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Predictive Effects of Waist Circumference-Related Anthropometric Measures on Body Mass Index in South African University Students.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Selected Nutraceuticals in Metabolic Syndrome: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Implications.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Beyond BMI: visceral adiposity assessed by the lipid accumulation product index shows independent associations with IL-5 and TNF-β in older adults.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2026Article
- Adipose Tissue Circadian Dysregulation Beyond BMI: Implications for Cardiometabolic Risk and Cardiovascular Disease.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Oxidative dyslipidemia in early pregnancy: integrating atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and uric acid (UA) to refine preeclampsia risk stratification.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Night shift work exposure shapes neurobehavioral and cardiometabolic profiles in female healthcare workers: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Selective Mid-Wall Cardiac Dysfunction in Obesity: The Role of Muscle-to-Fat Balance.Biomedicines · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Obesity remains a dominant risk factor for cardiovascular disease, yet its classification continues to rely heavily on body mass index (BMI)-a metric that fails to capture individual variability in fat distribution, metabolic health, and cardiometabolic risk. This narrative review analyzes 35 articles published between 2018 and 2025 to explore the limitations of BMI and outlines emerging strategies for obesity redefinition through a precision medicine lens. Drawing from recent advances in imaging, metabolomics, and genomic profiling, we highlight alternative metrics such as visceral adipose tissue (VAT), epicardial adipose tissue (EAT), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and multi-omic phenotyping that provide superior predictive value for cardiovascular outcomes. The review synthesizes data on metabolically healthy and unhealthy phenotypes, emphasizes the pathophysiological role of EAT in heart failure and arrhythmogenesis, and discusses the cardioprotective effects of pharmacologic agents such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists. Clinical implications include improved risk stratification, earlier disease detection, and individualized therapeutic targeting. Despite current barriers to widespread implementation-such as imaging cost, access to omics, and lack of guideline integration-this paradigm shift holds promise for refining cardiovascular prevention strategies. Redefining obesity using biologically informed, phenotype-based models is indispensable for aligning clinical practice with the complexities of modern cardiometabolic disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.