Application of Machine Learning in Food Safety Risk Assessment.

With the increasing globalization of supply chains, ensuring food safety has become more complex, necessitating advanced approaches for risk assessment. This study aims to review the transformative role of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) in enabling intelligent food safety management by efficiently analyzing high-quality and nonlinear data. We systematically summarize recent advances in the application of ML and DL, focusing on key areas such as biotoxin detection, heavy metal contamination, analysis of pesticide and veterinary drug residues, and microbial risk prediction. While traditional algorithms including support vector machines and random forests demonstrate strong performance in classification and risk evaluation, unsupervised methods such as K-means and hierarchical cluster analysis facilitate pattern recognition in unlabeled datasets. Furthermore, novel DL architectures, such as convolutional neural networks, recurrent neural networks, and transformers, enable automated feature extraction and multimodal data integration, substantially improving detection accuracy and efficiency. In conclusion, we recommend future work to emphasize model interpretability, multi-modal data fusion, and integration into HACCP systems, thereby supporting intelligent, interpretable, and real-time food safety management.