Time series prediction for lung disease diagnosis and treatment optimization.

Introduction: To address these limitations, this study proposes a novel AI-driven solution for time series prediction in lung disease diagnosis and treatment optimization. Methods: At the core of our framework lies PulmoNet, an anatomically-constrained, multi-scale neural architecture designed to learn structured, interpretable representations of lung-related pathologies. Unlike generic models, PulmoNet integrates bronchopulmonary anatomical priors and leverages spatial attention mechanisms to focus on critical parenchymal and vascular regions, which are often associated with early pathological changes. It also embeds hierarchical features from CT and X-ray modalities, capturing both macro-level anatomical landmarks and micro-level lesion textures. Furthermore, it constructs a latent inter-lobar graph to model spatial dependencies and anatomical adjacencies, enabling joint segmentation, classification, and feature attribution. Results: This structured approach enhances both diagnostic performance and interpretability. Complementing this architecture, we introduce APIL (Adaptive Patho-Integrated Learning)-a two-stage, curriculum-based learning strategy that incorporates radiological priors, rule-based constraints, and multi-view consistency to improve model generalization and clinical alignment. Discussion: APIL dynamically adjusts the learning complexity by introducing prior-informed pseudo-labels, anatomical masks, and contrastive consistency losses across views. It effectively combines weak supervision, domain adaptation, and uncertainty modeling, making it particularly adept at learning from sparse, noisy, or imbalanced datasets commonly found in clinical environments. Ultimately, this integrated framework offers a clinically meaningful, anatomically coherent, and data-efficient solution for next-generation pulmonary disease modeling.