ArticleArquivos brasileiros de cardiologia2025
Study on Urinary Caffeine and Caffeine Metabolite Levels in American Adults with Coronary Heart Disease: A Cross-Sectional NHANES Study (2009-2014).
Article in Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Coffee, caffeine, and cardiovascular health: navigating risks and benefits-an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Pooled it
- Coffee with Academic Reflections.Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIn recent years, the impact of diet and lifestyle on coronary heart disease (CHD) has garnered significant attention. Caffeine, a common dietary component, and its metabolites may influence cardiovascular health.
objectiveThis study aimed to investigate the association between urinary levels of caffeine and its metabolites and the incidence of CHD as well as to assess how these associations vary across different population groups.
methodsData from the NHANES database (2009-2014) were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression models and smooth curve fitting techniques. Participants were categorized into a control group (n = 5,005) and a CHD group (n = 222) based on CHD status. Urinary levels of caffeine and its metabolites were measured and recorded. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between urinary caffeine/metabolite levels and CHD incidence, while smooth curve fitting was employed to explore potential nonlinear relationships. A significance level of 5% was used to determine statistical significance.
resultsHigher urinary paraxanthine levels were associated with a lower risk of CHD. In contrast, elevated urinary caffeine levels were positively associated with CHD incidence among Mexican Americans, an association not observed in other racial/ethnic groups.
conclusionLower urinary paraxanthine levels may reflect a reduced risk of CHD, while higher urinary caffeine levels could indicate an increased CHD risk in specific populations.
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