SynthesisBMC public health2025
Global prevalence of multimorbidity among people living with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between low socioeconomic status and all-cause mortality in patients with diabetes.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Healthcare Indicators in Lithuania: A Descriptive Analysis of Their Contextual Relevance to Health Literacy.Clinics and practice · 2026Article
- Investigating the Impact of Transitional Care Model Implementation on Quality of Life and Care Burden in Family Caregivers of Patients With Multiple Chronic Conditions: A Randomized Clinical Trial in Iran.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMultimorbidity is increasing over time and causes a major global health challenge among individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The growing prevalence of multimorbidity coupled with its complex management leads to a significant concern for the healthcare system. Evidence of existing studies on multimorbidity showed inconsistencies across different regions in the world. This study aimed to summarize and estimate the pooled global prevalence of multimorbidity and its associated factors among patients with T2D.
methodsA systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted, including studies up to January 2025. PubMed, HINARI, CINAHL/EBSCO, the Cochrane Library, ProQuest, Google Scholar, and Google were used to search studies. The quality of the selected articles was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist. The pooled prevalence was estimated using a random effect model with a 95% confidence interval (CI), while a fixed effect model was used to assess the pooled adjusted odds ratios (AORs) for the exposure variables. Heterogeneity was assessed using I² statistics and Cochran’s Q test (p-value). Subgroup analysis and meta-regression were used to identify the sources of variation. Publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot and Egger’s test (p-value < 0.05).
resultsIn this review, a total of 32 studies and 2,934,500 participants were included. The pooled global prevalence of multimorbidity among T2D was 83.17%, concordant conditions (related to T2D) was 50.21%, discordant conditions (unrelated to T2D) was 47.24%, and combined conditions (having both chronic conditions) was 58.90%. Age 40–59 years (AOR = 2.36, 95% CI: 1.17–3.55), being retired (AOR = 1.31, 95% CI: 0.96–1.66), non-formal education (AOR = 2.93, 95% CI: 1.44–4.42), being widowed (AOR = 2.00, 95% CI: 1.04–2.96), and being a current smoker (AOR = 2.33, 95% CI: 1.16–3.50) were the predictors of multimorbidity. Being an urban resident (AOR: 1.69, 95% CI: 0.95–2.44) was associated with concordant chronic conditions.
conclusionsMultimorbidity is highly prevalent among type 2 diabetes, emphasizing a major public health challenge. It is important to develop a well-designed and comprehensive strategy to enhance the prevention and management of multimorbidity. Particular emphasis should be given to older adults, people who have a low level of education, retired individuals, smokers, widowed individuals, and people living in urban residences.
trial registrationPROSPERO-CRD42025639310. Registered on January 16/2025.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.