ReviewClinical and experimental medicine2025
The role of PD‑1/PD‑L1 axis in liver diseases.
Review in Clinical and experimental medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‑1)/programmed death‑ligand 1 (PD‑L1) signaling axis is recognized as a central pathway maintaining immune suppression. Within the liver's inherently tolerogenic microenvironment, parenchymal, non‑parenchymal and immune cell populations are engaged in a dynamic regulatory network mediated by PD‑1/PD‑L1, which serves to preserve immune homeostasis and to balance innate and adaptive immune responses. Aberrant PD‑1/PD‑L1 signaling has been implicated across the disease continuum of many chronic liver disorders, spanning viral hepatitis, fibrosis, and hepatic malignancy. A systematic synthesis is presented of the regulatory roles and recent advances concerning the PD‑1/PD‑L1 axis in viral hepatitis, metabolic dysfunction‑associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), autoimmune liver diseases and related conditions. Mechanisms regulating PD‑1/PD‑L1 expression and function in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are comprehensively summarized, including tumor microenvironmental determinants, intracellular signaling cascades, post‑translational modifications and epigenetic control. A theoretical framework and novel perspectives are thereby provided for elucidating PD‑1/PD‑L1 dysregulation in chronic liver disease, for identifying candidate biomarkers, and for informing the development of precision immunotherapeutic strategies.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.