ArticleBMJ open2025
Association of fine particulate matter exposure during pregnancy and stillbirth rates in Pakistan: a cross-sectional study.
Article in BMJ open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
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Abstract
objectivesThis study assessed the association between fine particulate matter (PM
designA cross-sectional study using secondary data from the 2017 to 2018 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS), combined with satellite-derived PM
settingThe study covered urban and rural areas across Pakistan, including all four provinces (Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Baluchistan) and administrative regions (Gilgit-Baltistan (GB), Islamabad, Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Azad Jammu Kashmir).
participantsThe study included 9172 married women aged 15-49 with at least one birth in the past 5 years. Women with incomplete pregnancy outcome data were excluded. EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT: PM PRIMARY OUTCOME: Stillbirth, defined as pregnancy loss at ≥28 weeks gestation.
resultsMultivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association between PM
conclusionsIncreased PM
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Registered trials
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