Observational studyNature immunology2026
Long COVID involves activation of proinflammatory and immune exhaustion pathways.
Observational study in Nature immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 29 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Long COVID and health-related quality of life: a systematic review of immune, inflammatory, and metabolic markers.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Biomarkers of post-acute infection syndrome: a systematic literature review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- VSL#3British journal of biomedical science · 2026Trial
- Cytokine-Driven Hyperinflammation in Long COVID: Mechanisms, Biomarkers, Complement Dysregulation, and Emerging Immunotherapies-A Narrative Review.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Low serum selenium combined with SELENOP-autoantibodies are associated with persistent fatigue after SARS-CoV-2 infection.Redox biology · 2026Article
- Persistent Redox Imbalance in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: Lipid Peroxidation, Antioxidant Enzyme Depletion, and Reduced Nitric Oxide Availability in an Amazonian Population.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Association of Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection with Immune Activation in Virally Suppressed People Living with HIV.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Symptom-based clusters in people with post-COVID-19 condition (PCC).Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Menstrual cycle patterns during acute and long COVID-19 infection among a cohort of individuals with regular menstrual cycles.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2026Article
- Translational insights into Long-COVID: evaluation of preclinical animal models along the lung-brain-immune axis with focus on Golden Syrian Hamsters.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Review
- Comprehensive Immunophenotyping of Monocytes and Dendritic Cells Suggests Distinct Pathophysiology in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Long COVID.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Immune dysregulation in prolonged Long-COVID: lymphocytes emerge as key mediators of persistent inflammation, exhaustion and cytotoxicity.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Computational proteomics to enhance personalized treatment of COVID-19 and Long COVID.Clinical proteomics · 2026Review
- Impaired peripheral oxygen delivery during submaximal exercise in adults with long COVID.Physiological reports · 2026Article
- Multi-Strain Probiotic Intervention Modestly Modulates Microbial Composition and Inflammatory Profile in Individuals with Long COVID.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Immune exhaustion, the culprit for long COVID and chronic complications.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2026Article
- Complement System Dysregulation in the Immunopathogenesis of Long COVID: Systematic Evidence Synthesis.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- SARS-CoV-2 and reproductive system: a scientometric study.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2026Article
- Cardiovascular sequelae of Long COVID: immune dysregulation inflammation as central drivers.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Proteomic landscapes of post-COVID condition: biomarkers and translational pathways.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Long COVID (LC) involves a spectrum of chronic symptoms after acute severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Current hypotheses for the pathogenesis of LC include persistent virus, tissue damage, autoimmunity, endocrine insufficiency, immune dysfunction and complement activation. We performed immunological, virological, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses from a cohort of 142 individuals between 2020 and 2021, including uninfected controls (n = 35), acutely infected individuals (n = 54), convalescent controls (n = 24) and patients with LC (n = 28). The LC group was characterized by persistent immune activation and proinflammatory responses for more than 180 days after initial infection compared with convalescent controls, including upregulation of JAK-STAT, interleukin-6, complement, metabolism and T cell exhaustion pathways. Similar findings were observed in a second cohort enrolled between 2023 and 2024, including convalescent controls (n = 20) and patients with LC (n = 18). These data suggest that LC is characterized by persistent activation of chronic inflammatory pathways, suggesting new therapeutic targets and potential biomarkers of disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.