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ArticleActa neurologica Belgica2026

Long-term HRV metrics may assist in differentiating between prolonged disorders of consciousness and emergence from minimally conscious state : a cross-sectional study.

Xinwei Tang, Na Ren, Zuojun Cao, Zi Yu, Xu Han, Weiqiang Cai, Youbei Yang, Lisi Lu, Mukedaisihan Maisedi, Zuowen Sun and 3 more

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Article in Acta neurologica Belgica, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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13 authors.

Xinwei Tang *Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
Na Ren *Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
Zuojun CaoDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China. carling7@foxmail.com.
Zi YuDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
Xu HanDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
Weiqiang CaiDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
Youbei YangDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
Lisi LuDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
Mukedaisihan MaisediDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
Zuowen SunDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
Junfa WuDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
Yi WuDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
Hongyu XieDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China. xiehongyu@fudan.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6386-8083

Funding

Hongyu Xie, National Key R&D Program of China No. 2018YFC2001700Key Supporting Discipline Construction Project of Shanghai Health System No. 2023ZDFC0304Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty No. shslczdzk02702Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan No. 20412420200the Key Projects of Shanghai Science and Technology on Biomedicine 22Y31900202
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveDiagnosing prolonged disorders of consciousness (DoC) remains a significant challenge in neurorehabilitation. Heart rate variability (HRV), a noninvasive measure of cardiac autonomic regulation, has been increasingly recognized as relevant to the mechanisms underlying consciousness. However, long-term HRV data in DoC patients remain scarce. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between long-term HRV metrics and the severity of consciousness impairment in patients with prolonged DoC.

methodsIn this cross-sectional study, 49 patients with prolonged DoC were enrolled. Each participant underwent five assessments using the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R) and one 24-hour electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring session within one week of enrollment. Based on their highest CRS-R subscale scores, patients were categorized into three groups: unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS, n = 17), minimally conscious state (MCS, n = 19), and emergence from MCS (EMCS, n = 13). HRV time-domain and frequency-domain indices were extracted from the 24-hour ECG recordings. Differences in HRV metrics among the consciousness groups were analyzed, and correlations between HRV parameters and CRS-R scores were examined.

resultsSignificant differences in HRV metrics were observed among the three consciousness groups (P < 0.05), including both time-domain indices (SDNN, SDANN, SDNN Index) and frequency-domain indices (HF, LF, VLF, ULF, and Total power). Furthermore, these HRV indices were significantly correlated with CRS-R scores (P < 0.05), indicating a strong association between autonomic function and the level of consciousness.

conclusionLong-term HRV monitoring reveals significantly greater heart rate variability in EMCS patients compared to those in UWS and MCS, highlighting its potential utility as a supplementary biomarker for assessing consciousness in patients with prolonged DoC.

Indexed as

Consciousness DisordersHeart RatePersistent Vegetative StateAdultAgedAutonomic Nervous SystemCross-Sectional StudiesDiagnosis, DifferentialElectrocardiographyFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedAutonomic nervous systemBrain–heart interactionCentral autonomic networkDisorders of consciousnessHeart rate variability

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.